CARBOHYDRATES I Flashcards by Ady Cabalquinto

is a chemical substance found within a living organism.

Biochemical substance

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2 Kinds of Biochemical Substance:

substances that do not contain C in their structure: water inorganic compounds (salt)

Bio-inorganic substances

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2 Kinds of Biochemical Substance:

include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Bio-organic substances

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is the most abundant bioorganic molecules on Earth (however, its abundance on the human body is relatively low).

Carbohydrates

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Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :
provides energy
Major food source/ energy supplies of our body
Primary source for the brain, erythrocytes, and retinal cells

Carbohydrate oxidation

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Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :
in the form of glycogen (stored form of carbohydrates), provides a short-term energy reserve
Thru the intake of food, if not yet needed, it could be stored in form of glycogen

Carbohydrate storage

Stored in liver (diff biochemical metabolism) and muscles

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Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates supply ___ atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)

carbon
(Plays key role in diff biochemical metabolism/ processes
Building block for many processes of metabolism
Central ingredient for life)

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Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of ___ and ___ molecules

DNA . RNA

DNA and RNA monomer unit (nucleotide) one of its 3 major component is sugar

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Type of sugar component:
DNA: ____
RNA: ____

deoxyribose

ribose

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Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates linked to lipids are _____ ______ of cell membranes

structural component
(Glycolipid: carbohydrate attached to a lipid)

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Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates linked to proteins function in a variety of cell–cell and cell–molecule ____ processes

recognition

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carbohydrate attached to a protein; marker for recognition between different cell/ molecule

Glycoprotein

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General/ Empirical formula for CHO:

CnH2nOn; applicable for monosaccharides

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Different Derivatives of CHO (PSA)

Phosphate
Sulfates
Amides

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Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Functional Group:
RCHO

polyhydroxy aldehyde

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Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Functional Group:
RCOR

polyhydroxy ketone

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Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Generic Classification/ Size of base C chain:
3C : triose
4C : \_\_\_\_
5C : \_\_\_\_
6C : \_\_\_\_
7C : \_\_\_\_

tetrose
pentose
hexose
heptose

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Means that all sugars contain more than 1 or several hydroxyl groups (OH) found in the chain; regardless of types and could be named according to the functional group

Polyhydroxy

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Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Number of sugar units/ base on molecular size:
1 sugar unit : ___
2 sugar unit: ___
2-10 sugar units : _____
multiple sugar units (monosaccharides are the base units) : ____

monosaccharide
disaccharide
oligosaccharide
polysaccharide

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same type of bonds, order, or formula but differ in arrangement of carbohydrates = differ the property of the said compound

Stereoisomers

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Classification of Carbohydrates:
also known as monoses or glycoses are classified as aldose or ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl present.
Simplest unit/ the monomer unit for diff types of complex carbohydrates (1 sugar unit)

Monosaccharides

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How many carbon components are there in deoxyribose and ribose?

5 C

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ROR or RCHO:

is always found in the terminal end or in the carbon 1.

RCHO (aldehyde)

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ROR or RCHO:

is always found in carbon 2 because there should be an alkyl group prior to the carbon which contains the double bond.

ROR (ketone)

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Cannot be broken down into smaller units as it is the monomer unit. It is also called as simple sugars. 99% of them are straight-chained compounds.

Monosaccharides | e.g. ketoheptose, aldopentose

simplest aldose

D- glyceraldehyde or aldotriose

Classification of Carbohydrates: | are glycosides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides.

Disaccharides

linkage found bet 2 or more monosaccharides/ monomer units forming a complex CHO (covalent bond)

Glycosidic linkage/ bond | e.g. lactose, maltose, sucrose

Handedness in Molecules: Objects and Mirror Images

Chirality

are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other (exactly the same)

Superimposable mirror images

are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other (diff from each other)

Non-superimposable mirror images

Molecules which tend to have superimposable mirror images are called

achiral molecule

Molecules which tend to have non-superimposable mirror images

chiral molecule

is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation.

chiral center

A if only the first statement is true B if only the second statement is true C if both statements are true D if both statements are false A molecule that contains a chiral center is said to be chiral. A carbon atom involved in a multiple bond (double or triple bond) cannot be a chiral center since it has a fewer than four groups bonded to it.

A if only the first statement is true B if only the second statement is true C if both statements are true D if both statements are false There should be no attached two or more similar groups to a carbon to be a chiral center. A chiral molecule is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable.

Atoms of stereoisomers are connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space, but same structure

Isomerism

2 Types of Stereoisomerism: have structures that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. Have single chiral center Left and right handedness

Enantiomers | Enantios (Greek)= opposite

2 Types of Stereoisomerism: have structures that are not mirror image of each other Cis-, Trans- Can contain more than 1 chiral center; can have left and right handedness

Diastereomers

is a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules

Fischer projection formula

A if only the first statement is true B if only the second statement is true C if both statements are true D if both statements are false D and L system/ designation is used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers/ molecule or carbohydrates. Functional groups of high priority will be written at the top (aldehyde; imp or ketone).

D or L: | right (almost all monosaccharides)

D (dextro)

D or L: | left (almost all amino acids, proteins)

L (levo)

TRUE OR FALSE: The D,L system used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers can be extended to other monosaccharides with more than one chiral center.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The carbon chain is numbered starting at the carbonyl group end of the molecule, and the highest-numbered chiral center is used to determine D or L configuration.

TRUE

A six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group is an _____ A five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is a _____

aldohexose | ketopentose

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides: is the most abundant in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint. Aldohexose; 6C, most common monosaccharide, uses it as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate

D-glucose (dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar (good source of glucose) Six membered cyclic form: Pyranose Central pivotal point of CHO metabolism)

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides: (Glucose or Fructose) is biochemically the most important ketohexose also known as levulose and fruit sugar (good dietary sugar)

D-Fructose (Sweetest tasting, seen in semen, preservative for food and IV nutrient More water soluble than glucose Molecular: C6H12O6 Five membered cyclic form: Furanose because of the double bond found in C-2

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides: (Galactose and Ribose) aldohexose: Milk sugar Synthesize in human; brain sugar (part of brain and nerve tissue) Used to differentiate blood types: A, B, AB, O Six membered cyclic form (Haworth Projection): Pyranose Functional group: aldehyde, 6C

D-Galactose (Difference from Glucose is the OH that is found on C-4 Less sweet than glucose; seldom encountered as free monosaccharides Once it is digested it will be immediately converted into glucose Galactosemia: genetic disorder of newborns; difficulty in converting galactose to glucose)

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides: aldopentose Part of RNA, ATP, and DNA Five membered cyclic form, same as fructose (5 membered): Furanose

D-Ribose

2 Forms of D-Glucose: | -OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides

Alpha-form

2 Forms of D-Glucose: | -OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides

Beta-form

A cyclic monosaccharide containing a 6-atom ring is called a _____ One containing a 5-atom ring is called _____

Pyranose Furanose (because their ring structures resemble the ring structures in the cyclic ethers pyran and furan respectively)

is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

``` Haworth Projection Formulas: Walter Norman Haworth (forms a cyclic form) Right OH (Fisher): Downward (Haworth) Left OH (Fisher): Upward (Haworth) ```

Beta configuration, both of these groups (OH and CH2OH) point in the ____direction Alpha configuration, the two groups point in____ directions.

same | opposite

Reactions of Monosaccharides: The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them Usually that undergo are aldoses

Oxidation (to acidic sugars) | Oxidation can yield three different types of acidic sugars depending on the type of oxidizing agent used

Reactions of Monosaccharides: The carbonyl group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent.

Reduction (to sugar alcohols)

is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group.

Glycoside

The monosaccharides responsible for blood groups are ____ and its derivatives.

D-galactose (Found on the surface of RBCs) N-acetyl galactosamine (A) D-galactosamine (B)

The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters

Phosphate ester formation (Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates) e.g. Glucose-1 phosphate, Glucose-6 phosphate

derivative of glucose Involved in a lot of metabolism/ biochemical process Very important in conversion of glucose to diff products Very important for the RBCs

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (G6PD deficiency: doesn’t have the G6PD enzyme, RBCs have difficulty in breaking down G6P Hereditary, can be known via newborn screening Can cause hemolytic anemia)

one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group (OH—> NH2)

Amino Sugar Formation (Amino sugars and their N-acetyl galactosamine derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides) Ex: Glucose —> Glucosamine, Galactose —> Galactosamine Amines: NH2

CARBOHYDRATES I Flashcards

(62 cards)