VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Question 1

Derived from the word ‘vita’ = life: Vitamine (Organic compounds)
Thought that it contains amine as their functional group but not all
Must be obtained from dietary sources: part or cofactor of most or many of the enzymes. Enzymes contains vitamins as part of their structure

Answer 1

Vitamins
Human body can’t synthesize enough amounts which is sufficient for our body’s need
The body can only produce small amount of vitamins: can be obtained from food or diet
Essential and required for normal human growth and for proper functioning of the body
Needed in micro and milligram quantities per day
Vitamins differ from major food classes/ categories: CHO, lipids, and proteins

Question 2

determines the needed amount of

vitamin intake.

Answer 2

RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance)
Enough vitamin can be obtained from
balanced diet
Supplemental vitamins may be needed
after illness

Question 3

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both of the statements are correct
D if neither of the statements is correct

1. Some vitamins contain amine functional groups, but others do not.
2. Water-soluble vitamins must be constantly replenished in the body because they are rapidly eliminated from the body in the urine.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both of the statements are correct
D if neither of the statements is correct

1. Water-soluble vitamins function as coenzymes for a number of important biochemical reactions in humans, animals, and microorganisms.
2. Fat-soluble vitamins generally do not function as coenzymes in humans and animals and are rarely utilized in any manner by microorganisms

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Water-soluble vitamins:
Co-substrate in the formation of structural protein collagen. Involved in metabolism of certain amino acids. These amino acids end up being converted
to hormones norepinephrine and thyroxine.

Answer 5

Vitamin C
has the simplest structure of the 13 vitamins, exists in two active forms in the human body: an oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid) and a reduced form (ascorbic acid).

Question 6

Water-soluble vitamins:
was the first vitamin to be discovered which was in 1928. It was the first to be structurally characterized
(1933), and the first to be synthesized in the laboratory (1933)

Answer 6

Vitamin C
also functions as a general antioxidant for water-soluble substances in the blood and other body fluids. Its antioxidant properties are also beneficial for several other vitamins.

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE:
The active form of vitamin E is regenerated by vitamin C, and it also helps keep the active form of folate (a B vitamin) in its reduced state. Because of its antioxidant properties, vitamin C is often added to foods as a preservative

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both of the statements are correct
D if neither of the statements is correct
Vitamin C:
1. The upper limit/day is 200 mg.
2. Deficiency in the amount of Vitamin C in the body will lead to scurvy

Answer 8

B

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE

Too much vitamin C will cause diarrhea, nausea, headache, heartburn, and insomnia

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

TYPES OF VITAMIN B (Alternative names):

1. Thiamin ___
2. Riboflavin ___
3. Niacin ___, ___, ___
4. Vitamin B6 ___, ___, ___
5. Folate ___, ___
6. Vitamin B12 ___, ___
7. Pantothenic acid ___
8. Biotin ____

Answer 10

1. (vitamin B1)
2. (vitamin B2)
3. (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide,
   vitamin B3)
4. (pyridoxine, pyridoxal,
   pyridoxamine)
5. (folic acid, Vitamin B9)
6. (cobalamin,
   cyanocobalamin)
7. (vitamin B5)
8. (Vitamin B7)

Question 11

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both of the statements are correct
D if neither of the statements is correct

1. The Vitamins B4, B8, B10 and B11 fit for the definition and description of vitamins.
2. Vitamin B4 is adenine, Vitamin B8 is inositol, Vitamin B10 is PABA (paraaminobenzoic acid), and Vitamin B11 is salicylic acid

Answer 11

B

Question 12

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both of the statements are correct
D if neither of the statements is correct

1. Vit B1 and B7 have sulfur on their structure.
2. Vit B12 does not have cobalt. It contains tin.

Answer 12

A

Question 13

TYPES OF VITAMIN B

Functions in carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism. It is responsible for the decarboxylation

Answer 13

THIAMIN (VITAMIN B1)
Deficiency in this vitamin could cause dyspnea (difficulty in breathing) in infants that will cause cyanosis (bluish or purplish), diarrhea, and vomiting. For adults, deficient in Vitamin B1 will lead to beriberi (fatigue and peripheral neuritis-inflammation on the
peripheral nervous system). Other effects could be visual problems and ataxia (problem with oxygen).

Question 14

TYPES OF VITAMIN B
Functions in redox reactions. Deficiency in this vitamin could cause angular stomatitis (lesions on the lips; singaw), dermatitis (skin allergy), photophobia (afraid of light) and neurologic changes

Answer 14

RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)

Question 15

TYPES OF VITAMIN B
Functions also in redox reactions. Deficiency in this vitamin could cause pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, weight loss, mental disturbance leading to disorientation, and mucous membrane inflammation).

Answer 15

NIACIN (VITAMIN B3)

Question 16

TYPES OF VITAMIN B
Involved in amino acids such as transaminases, phosphorylases, and decarboxylases
RDA is 400 micrograms/day for
adults. Problems in nerves is
recommended to take Vitamin B complex.

Answer 16

VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE, PYRIDOXAL, AND PYRIDOXAMINE)
Deficiency of this vitamin could cause irritability, seizures, anemia, vomiting, and weakness for infants. For adults, it could cause facial seborrhea (dandruff)
Excess Vitamin B intake could cause increased blood sugar level and liver damage. Mood swings and panic attacks could also happen.

Question 17

TYPES OF VITAMIN B
Functions in amino acid and nucleic
acid synthesis

Answer 17

FOLATE (FOLIC ACID, VITAMIN B9)
Deficiency in this vitamin could lead to
megaloblastic anemia (decrease in
RBC). This type of anemia could also be
cause by deficient Vitamin B12.

Question 18

TYPES OF VITAMIN B
Functions on DNA synthesis. Deficiency in this vitamin could also lead to megaloblastic anemia because it also functions on the folic acid interconversion (conversion of Vit B9 to its active form). It could also cause neurologic abnormalities

Answer 18

VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)
Most of the Vitamin B are usually found in plants, grains, beans, and leafy vegetables. However, this vitamin is exclusively found from animal sources (meat,
poultry, fish, eggs, and milk). Vitamin B6 and Niacin could also be found in meat, poultry, and fish.

Question 19

TYPES OF VITAMIN B

Responsible for the acyl group transfer reactions. It is part of Coenzyme A (CoA) and is also an acyl carrier protein

Answer 19

PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B5)
Deficiency in this vitamin could cause depression (immune system to be depressed), and muscle weakness

Question 20

TYPES OF VITAMIN B

Functions as coenzyme for carbon dioxide (carboxylation reactions)

Answer 20

BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7)
Deficiency in this vitamin could cause dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, neurological changes and peripheral
vasoconstriction.

Question 21

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
Has role in vision - only 1/1000 of this is in retina.
Derived from b-carotene. This is the deep yellow to almost orange compound that is evident on carrots.
Preformed type is called retinoids. It includes retinal, retinol, or retinoic acid. The common name of this vitamin is
retinol.

Answer 21

VITAMIN A
Deficiency in this vitamin could cause vision problems and could lead to blindness, night blindness, growth retardation, abnormal taste response, dermatitis, and recurrent infections.

Question 22

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both of the statements are correct
D if neither of the statements is correct

1. Vitamin A does not play a role in cancer prevention.
2. Retinoic acid is not used as a positive control

Answer 22

D

Question 23

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
Two forms active in the body: (ergocalciferol & (cholecalciferol). Sunshine Vitamin: Synthesized in skin by UV light from sun. Is produced in the skin of humans and animals through the action of UV light, on its precursor molecule cholesterol, which could be converted into cholecalciferol of the UV light

Answer 23

VITAMIN D
It controls correct ratio of Ca and P for bone mineralization (hardening). As a hormone it promotes Ca and P absorption in intestine

Question 24

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
Few food sources of this vitamin include liver, fatty fish like salmons, egg yolks, fish liver oils, butter, and fortified milk. Deficiency in this vitamin could cause
rickets (affect the bone development; weak bone leading to bone deformities) which is usually for young people.

Answer 24

VITAMIN D
Symptoms include delayed growth, thickened wrists and ankles, bowed legs, problems in growth plates causing skeletal deformities, which is same with osteomalacia which include soft bones. For adults, it could cause osteomalacia.

Question 25

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS: Four forms : a- (alpha), b- (beta), g- (gamma) and d- (delta). Alpha-tocopherol is the most active biological active form. Peanut oils, green and leafy vegetables and whole grain products are the sources

Answer 25

VITAMIN E | Primary function: Antioxidant – protects against oxidation of other compounds. It protects Vit A from being oxidized

Question 26

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS: This vitamin could also prevent CV diseases. Deficiency in this vitamin could cause mild hemolytic anemia (new born), red cell fragility, and ataxia

Answer 26

VITAMIN E

Question 27

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS: Two major forms: (phylloquinone) and (menaquinone) Deficiency in this vitamin could cause hemorrhage. Blood Clotting Factors that are dependent to this are Factors II, VII, IX, and X

Answer 27

VITAMIN K is essential for the formation of prothrombin and at least five other proteins involved in the regulation of blood clotting. Also required for the biosynthesis of several other proteins found in the plasma, bone, and kidney

Question 28

Types of Vitamin K: found in dark green, leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage, alfalfa sprouts). Other vegetables such as peas, tomatoes, and animal tissues such as liver have lesser amounts of Vit K

Answer 28

VITAMIN K1

Question 29

Types of Vitamin K: is synthesized by bacteria (enteric bacteria) that grow in colon. Dietary need supply: ~1/2 synthesized by bacteria and 1/2 obtained from diet. Active in the formation of proteins involved in regulating blood clotting.

Answer 29

VITAMIN K2

Question 30

Unlike vitamins which are organic substances, these are inorganic substances which is needed in small amounts that must be obtained from food. They can be divided into two groups – those needed in large quantities and those only required in tiny amounts

Answer 30

MINERALS

Question 31

A if only the first statement is correct B if only the second statement is correct C if both of the statements are correct D if neither of the statements is correct MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MINERALS 1. Body building – teeth and bones. 2. Does not control body processes, especially the nervous system.

Answer 31

A

Question 32

A if only the first statement is correct B if only the second statement is correct C if both of the statements are correct D if neither of the statements is correct MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MINERALS 1. Not an essential part of body fluids and cells. 2. Does not form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release of energy

Answer 32

D

Question 33

______ : Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Sodium, and Magnesium. ______ : Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, and Selenium

Answer 33

Major minerals | Trace minerals

Question 34

TYPES OF MINERALS: For production of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood. It is also responsible for the synthesis of collagen and for the immune system.

Answer 34

IRON Too much iron is toxic on the body, especially on the liver. Sources: Red meat, liver, eggs, bread, green vegetables. Deficiency: Anemia (IDA- Iron deficiency anemia)

Question 35

TYPES OF MINERALS: Teeth and bones (without Vit D, it will not be utilized; important in childhood and teen years), blood clotting, nerve and muscle contraction, heart regulation

Answer 35

CALCIUM Sources: Dairy products, fortified white bread, green vegetables, nuts and seeds. Deficiency: Stunted growth can cause rickets and osteoporosis

Question 36

TYPES OF MINERALS: For bones and teeth accompanied by calcium, muscle contraction. It also helps body to make energy. It is part of every cell membrane. Cells need them to function

Answer 36

PHOSPHORUS Low phosphorus could lead to bone demineralization (softening or weakening the bones). Sources: Dairy products, nuts, meat, fish, oats, cocoa. Deficiency: rarely deficient but could cause tiredness and depression

Question 37

TYPES OF MINERALS: | Maintains water balance in the body and controls body temperature, helps you sweat when body temperature rises

Answer 37

SODIUM is known as major extracellular cation. It is very important component of body fluids. It also helps in maintaining muscles and nerves on working properly. It works with potassium. In Sodium ATPase regulation, if sodium goes inside the cell, potassium will go outside. Potassium is known as the major intracellular cation IPES

Question 38

TYPES OF MINERALS: Sources: Cheese, smoked meats, fish, table salt. Deficiency: deficiency is highly unlikely. Excessive sweating, diarrhea and vomiting could lead to sodium deficiency. It will cause dizziness, muscle cramps, and dehydration.

Answer 38

SODIUM Hyponatremia= low Na+ level: causes hypotension. Hypernatremia= high Na+ level: hypertension

Question 39

TYPES OF MINERALS: For muscle contraction and in maintaining body fluid. It is necessary for the building of muscle and for normal body growth and is the major intracellular cation. It helps in nervous system

Answer 39

POTASSIUM Sources: Banana, (rich also in serotonin) celery, meat, fruits, milk, grains, legumes, raisins, dates, figs. Other sources could also be from citrus fruits, dried fruits, potato with skin and tomatoes. It is more on plant sources. Deficiency: dry skin, acne, muscle spasms or weakness (IPES:Intra Potassium, Extra Sodium)

Question 40

TYPES OF MINERALS: Hypokalemia: Hyperkalemia: deficiency of this vitamin is a common side effect of people taking laxatives and diuretics. Low water means low potassium. Increased potassium indicates problems in nervous and muscle function, and could also affect heart (irregular heartbeat), numbness, and chest pain. In worst case scenario, it could lead to heart attack

Answer 40

POTASSIUM

Question 41

TYPES OF MINERALS: Aids the immune system. Cofactor in enzymes. Needed for the senses of smell and taste. It also helps the health of immune system, normal synthesis of protein, and also on the reproductive system of men

Answer 41

ZINC Sources: Meat esp. lamb meat, oats, eggs, nuts. Deficiency: Retarded growth. Deficiency in zinc could affect the normal physical growth, skin and nerve health, hearing ability, and immune function especially on infants

Question 42

TYPES OF MINERALS: enables the male body to produce testosterone. The levels of this vitamin cause erectile dysfunction. Is an excellent sleep aid or supplement as it has antidepressant effect. Excess: Enlarged liver

Answer 42

ZINC

Question 43

``` TYPES OF MINERALS: Thyroid gland function (controls how quickly the body uses energy) and body metabolism. Sources: Milk, eggs, yogurt, seafood, iodized salt. Disease involved Goiter ```

Answer 43

IODINE Deficiency causes enlargement of the gland (goiter). Deficiency during pregnancy and infancy could lead to abnormalities on the brain development and growth of the child

Question 44

TYPES OF MINERALS: Functions: muscle contraction, DNA synthesis, controls blood sugar and blood pressure, cofactor of enzymes. This and calcium are the two evident cofactors of enzymes

Answer 44

MAGNESIUM It helps on the nerve functions. It also steadies the heart rhythm and keeps the bone strong. It also helps the body to create the energy and proteins that we need. Sources: Cheeses, cocoa, chocolate, nuts, beans. Deficiency in magnesium could cause muscle twitches, nervousness, arrythmia and disorientation