Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleotides, Nutrition Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Most abundant organic molecule in NATURE
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
Main storage form of
carbohydrates in humans
A
Glycogen
3
Q
Building block of all
carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides
4
Q
This bond links sugar units or
monosaccharides together
A
Glycosidic bonds
5
Q
Most predominant sugar in the
human body;
Universal fuel of fetus
A
Glucose
6
Q
Tissues which use glucose as its
main metabolic
A
Brain
Renal medulla
Cornea
Retina
Testis
RBCs
7
Q
Major constituent of starch
(80%), insoluble and branched
A
Amylopectin
8
Q
Most stable conformation of
glucose
A
Chair conformation
9
Q
Common non-reducing sugars
A
Sucrose
Trehalose
10
Q
2nd epimer of glucose
A
Mannose
11
Q
3rd epimer of glucose
A
Allose
12
Q
4th epimer of glucose
A
Galactose
13
Q
More common enantiomer of
carbohydrates
A
D-isomer
14
Q
Among the glucose
transporters, this is the only
transporter that requires
insulin (insulin-dependent)
A
GLUT4
15
Q
All glucose transporters utilize
facilitated diffusion, except
for this transporter(s) which
use(s) secondary active
transport
A
SGLT1/2
16
Q
This glucose transporter allows
the transport of fructose
A
GLUT5
17
Q
This carbohydrate is
responsible for sperm
motility
A
Fructose
18
Q
The only classes of FA that is
an exception to the
chylomicron-mediated
transportation of fatty acids
from the intestines to the
circulation
A
Short chain FA (SCFA)
Medium chain FA (MCFA)
19
Q
FA that serves as important
source of energy for the
colonic mucosa
A
Short chain FA (SCFA)
20
Q
Essential fatty acids
A
Linoleic acid (parent compound of arachidonic acid)
Ξ±-Linolenic acid
21
Q
Semi-essential fatty acid,
derived from LINOLEIC ACID
A
Arachidonic acid
22
Q
Class of FA that can decrease
the risk for CVD, and reduce
the tendency for platelet
aggregation
A
Ο-3 series
23
Q
Ο-3 FA important for the
development of fetal brain
and retina
A
Cervonic acid (docosahexaenoic
acid) (DHA)
24
Q
Serves as the main storage
form of lipids in the body
A
Triacylglycerol/Triglycerides
(3 FA + Glycerol; combined by esterification)
25
This lipoprotein has the
largest diameter, lowest
density, highest TAG content
Chylomicron
26
This lipoprotein has the
highest cholesterol content
LDL
27
This lipoprotein has the
highest protein content
HDL
28
Important steroid in animal
cell membranes
Cholesterol
29
Important steroid in fungal
cell membranes
Ergosterol
30
Storage form of cholesterol
Cholesteryl esters
31
Primary bile acids
synthesized by the liver
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
32
Secondary bile acids
resulting from bacterial
degradation in the colon
Cholic acid β Deoxycholic
acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid β
Lithocholic acid
33
Enzyme responsible for
converting androgens to
estrogens
Aromatase
34
Nitrogen bases present in
both DNA and RNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
35
Nitrogen bases present in
DNA only
Thymine
36
Nitrogen base present in RNA
only
Uracil
37
Methylation of uracil makes
this nitrogen base
Thymine
38
This is the bond formed
between nitrogenous base
and pentose sugar of a
nucleoside
N-glycosidic linkage
39
This is the bond formed
between pentose sugar and
phosphoryl group of a
nucleotide
Ester bond (bond between 5' OH of pentose sugar and phosphoryl group)
40
This bond allows the addition
of more phosphoryl bonds at
nucleotides to form di- and
triphosphates
Anhydride bond (bond of 1 phosphate group to another phosphate group)
41
Most abundant free
nucleotide in mammalian cell
Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
42
Nucleic acids are polymers of
nucleotides that are joined by
this bond
3β-5β phosphodiester bond
Hydroxyl group of Carbon 3 of 1st mononucleotide and Phosphoryl group of Carbon 5 of 2nd mononucleotide
43
Sequence of writing the bases
of a DNA
From 5β end β 3β end
44
Determinant of the melting
point of DNA
Number of G-C bonds
45
Orientation of DNA strands
Antiparallel
46
States that the number of
purines = number of
pyrimidines
Chargaffβs rule
47
All types of DNA are righthanded
except this type of
DNA
Z-DNA (left-handed)
48
Most common form of DNA
physiologically (wellhydrated
and w/ low salt
concentration)
B-DNA
49
Type of DNA found in low
humidity and high salt
concentration
A-DNA
50
Type of DNA mostly seen in 5β
end of chromosomes
Z-DNA
51
Most abundant chromatin
protein
Histone
*rich in arginine and lysine)
52
Histone seen in the linker
region
H1
53
Composition of the histone
octomer (core histones)
Pairs of H2A, H2B, H3, H4
54
Source of negative charge of
DNA
Phosphate groups
55
Source of positive charge of
histones
Lysine (H3, H4)
Arginine (H2A, H2B)
56
Represents the βbeads on a
stringβ appearance on
electron microscopy
10-nm chromatin fibril
57
DNA is wrapped by around
the histone octomer by this
amount
1.75 times
58
Condensation of DNA to form
chromosomes occur during
this phase of mitosis
Prophase
59
The highly condensed
chromatin seen in electron
microscopy, which is
transcriptionally inactive
Heterochromatin
60
The less condensed
chromatin seen in electron
microscopy, which is
transcriptionally active
Euchromatin
61
Most heterogeneous RNA, convey info from DNA to ribosomes
mRNA
62
Most abundant RNA; responsible for translation
rRNA
63
RNA containing significant
proportions of nucleosides
with unusual bases, brings amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes during translation
tRNA
64
RNAs responsible for gene
expression regulation
snRNA
miRNA
siRNA
lncRNA
65
This anthropometric measure
is the best indicator for
WASTING
Weight-for-height/length
66
This anthropometric measure
is the best indicator for
STUNTING
Height/length-for-age
67
Cause of marasmus
Caloric deprivation
68
Cause of kwashiorkor
Protein deprivation >
caloric deprivation
69
Favored measurement of
abdominal obesity
Waist circumference
70
Four components of Dietary
Reference Intakes (DRI)
(1) Estimated Average Requirement,
(2) Recommended Dietary Allowance,
(3) Adequate Intake,
(4) Tolerable Upper Intake Level
71
This component of DRI is useful
in estimating the actual
requirements in groups &
individuals; serves as the
foundation for setting the RDA
Estimated Average
Requirement (EAR)
72
This component of DRI refers
to the average daily nutrient
intake level that is sufficient to
meet the requirements of
nearly all (97-98%) individuals
in a particular life stage and sex
group
Recommended Dietary
Allowance (RDA)
73
This component of DRI is set
instead of an RDA if sufficient
scientific evidence is not
available to calculate an EAR or
RDA
Adequate Intake (AI)
74
This component of DRI refers
to the highest average daily
nutrient intake level that is
likely to pose no risk of adverse
health effects to almost all
individuals in the general
population
Tolerable Upper Intake
Level (TUL or UL)
75
Amount of energy stored per
gram of food constituent
Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g
Proteins: 4 kcal/g
Fats: 9 kcal/g
Alcohol: 7 kcal/g
76
Component of TEE with the
highest contribution in
percentage
Resting metabolic rate
(RMR)
77
Component of TEE with the
greatest variation
Physical activity
78
Current recommended AMDR
Carbohydrates: 45-65%
Fats: 20-35%
Protein: 10-35%
79
Type of dietary lipid that
generally INCREASES LDL,
DECREASES HDL; Increases
incidence of coronary artery
disease
Saturated fatty acids,
Trans fatty acids
80
Type of dietary lipid that
DECREASES LDL, INCREASES
HDL
Mono-unsaturated fatty
acids (MUFA)
81
Type of dietary lipid that
DECREASES BOTH LDL & HDL
Ο-6 Poly-unsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA)
82
Type of dietary lipid that
suppresses cardiac
arrhythmias, reduces plasma
TAG, decreases risk for
thrombosis, lowers blood
pressure
Ο-3 Poly-unsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA)
83
AMDR of added sugars (simple
sugars)
<10% of total kcal
84
This simple sugar is associated
with the development of dental
caries
Sucrose
85
The FDA standard used for
measuring protein quality
PDCAAS
86
Animal protein sources with a
PDCAAS value of 1.0
Eggs, milk
87
Plant protein sources with a
PDCAAS value of 1.0
Soybean protein
88
Relationship between nitrogen
and protein
1 g nitrogen =
π. ππ π π©π«π¨πππ’π§
89
Primary hormonal stimulus for
lactogenesis
Prolactin
90
Responsible for expulsion of
milk into the lactiferous
sinuses
Oxytocin
91
Secretion of colostrum by the
alveolar cells of the breast
begin at this age
12th β 16th AOG
92
Virtually absent nutrient in
breast milk
Vitamin K
93
Nutrient with low level in
breast milk
Vitamin D
94
Aldoses
1. Pentoses
2. Hexoses
ALDOSES
Pentoses
1. D-ribose
2. D-xylose
3. D-arabinose
Hexoses
1. D-glucose
2. D-mannose
3. D-galactose
95
96
Ketoses
1. D-ribulose
2. D-fructose
97
Oxidation of glucose yields __________________ while reduction of glucose yields ______________________
Oxidation: Glucuronic acid
Reduction: Sorbitol
98
Constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins
Galactose
Mannose
99
Monosaccharide (hexoses)
Glucose
Mannose
Galactose
Fructose
100
Monosaccharide (pentoses)
Ribose
Xylulose
Ribulose
101
Removal of hydroxyl group (-OH) at Carbon (C)____ of ribose yields deoxyribose
C2
102
Intermediate in pentose phosphate pathway
Ribulose
103
Present in the urine of patients with Essential Pentosuria
Xylulose
104
Intermediate in digestion of starch
Maltose
105
DISACCHARIDES
1. Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
2. Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)
3. Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
106
Constituent of starch that is soluble and unbranched
Amylose
107
Polysaccharide of fructose; readily soluble in water and used to determine GFR
Inulin
108
Reducing sugars
Have free functional groups: aldehyde or ketose group
Glucose
Galactose
Lactose
Maltose
Fructose
109
Reducing sugars can be identified using this test
Benedict's test
110
Compounds that have the same chemical formula
Isomers
111
Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom (except carbonyl carbon = the carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom)
Epimers
112
Optical isomers/stereoisomers/mirror images of each other
Enantiomers
113
Cyclic ring structures
Anomers
114
These type of FA can be beneficial for people with inadequate bile acid pools
Diet rich in Medium-chain fatty acids (relatively water soluble)
115
Accounts for the nonpolar nature of fat
R group (aliphatic hydrocarbon chain) of FA
116
How many carbons per type (depending in chain length) of FA
1. Short-chained FA: C2-C6
2. Medium-chained FA: C8-C12
3. Long-chained FA: C16
4. Very Long-chained FA: C22
117
Oligosaccharides have ___________ sugar units
3-10 sugar units
*Mono: 1
*Di: 2
*Poly: >10
118
Why are humans not able to produce essential FA?
Humans lack enzymes that can introduce double bonds beyond the 9th carbon
119
Ο-3 series of FA
Ξ±-Linolenic acid
Timnodonic (eicosapentaenoic) acid
Cervonic (docosahexaenoic) acid --> synthesize from Ξ±-Linolenic acid
120
Ο-6 series of FA
Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid
121
Ο-9 series of FA
Oleic acid
Elaidic acid
122
STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol has 1) ________# of carbon compounds. Hydroxyl group is located in carbon 2) ______of 3)______ring.
Double bond can be found between carbons 4)______and 5)______ of 6)_______ring. Hydrocarbon tail can be found in carbon 7) _______ of 8)_______ ring. Steroid nucleus is composed of _____ fused hydrocarbon rings
1. 27
2. 3
3. A
4. 5
5. 6
6. B
7. 17
8. D
9. 4
123
Bile salts for emulsification of lipids to aid in digestion and absorption are conjugated with?
Taurine
Glycine
124
PURINES and PYRIMIDINES
PURINES: Adenine and Guanine, (2 cyclical stx) *xanthine, hypoxanthine
PYRIMIDINES: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (1 cyclical stx)
125
ATOMS IN THE PURINE RING
GAG (Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine) + CO2 + N10 formyl tetrahydrofolate
126
ATOMS IN PYRIMIDINE RING
Amide nitrogen roup of Glutamine + CO2 + Aspartate
127
1st level of organization of DNA
2 nm DNA double helix
* no histones
128
composed of nucleosomes separated by linker DNA
10 nm chromatin fibril
129
Solenoid structure (group of nucleosomes)
30 nm chromatin fibril
130
Until what age do we use length for age?
Up to 2 yo
131
Adequate Intake (AI) for dietary fiber
Men: 38 g/day
Women: 25 g/day
132
Negative nitrogen balance
Nitrogen intake < Nitrogen excretion
*during stresses (trauma, burns, illness, surgery)
133
Positive nitrogen balance
Nitrogen intake > nitrogen excretion
*tissue growth (children, preggy, recovery from illness)
134
Colostrum has ________ minerals and amino acids and ________ sugar and fat
Mature milk has ________ minerals and amino acids and ________ sugar and fat
Colostrum
*More minerals and amino acids
*Less sugar and fat
Mature milk
*Less minerals and amino acids
*More sugar and fat
135
Milk serum
Contains large amounts of IL-6
Whey
136
Very important for bowel maturation and support growth of Bifidus bacteria
Lactose
