carbohydrates W2

Question 1

what are carbohydrates main function

Answer 1

to provide energy

Question 2

how much energy (cal) does 1 g of carbohydrates produce

Answer 2

4.2 cal

Question 3

what is the preferred fuel source of the nervous system

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

what are the structural functions of carbohydrates (2)

Answer 4

DNA/RNA

linked to proteins and lipids

Question 5

carbohydrates are classified according to:……

Answer 5

size

Question 6

primary monosaccharides (3)

Answer 6

glucose

fructose

galactose

Question 7

where is glucose found in diet (1)

Answer 7

fruit and vegetables

Question 8

where is fructose found in the diet (3)

Answer 8

sugar
honey
fruit and veg

Question 9

where do you find galactose in the diet (1)

Answer 9

milk sugar

Question 10

primary disaccherides (3)

Answer 10

sucrose
lactose
maltose

Question 11

how are disaccherides formed

Answer 11

monosaccerides join together with weak covalent bonds via dehydration synthesis

Question 12

what is the name of the weak covalent bonds that hold monosaccherides together to form disaccherides

Answer 12

glycosidic bond

Question 13

between which parts does the glycosidic bond form in a disaccheride

Answer 13

hydroxyl group (OH)of C1 of a monosaccheride and the hydroxyl group of a second monosaccheride (only H)

Question 14

ratio of CHO in a monosaccheride

Answer 14

(1:2:1)

Question 15

what are the key hexose sugars(6C)(3)

Answer 15

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 16

what are the key pentose sugars (5C) (2)

Answer 16

deoxyribose

ribose

Question 17

chemical formula of hexose monosaccherides

Answer 17

C6H12O6

Question 18

monosaccherised have a ring structure, given that the PH is…

Answer 18

7

Question 19

chemical formula of common disaccherides

Answer 19

C12H22O11

Question 20

where is the dietwould you find sucrose (1)

Answer 20

table sugar, and anything that has it

Question 21

where in the diet would you find lactose(3)…not (1)

Answer 21

lactose is milk sugar, therefore in milk products eg
milk
yoghurt
icecream

not butter

Question 22

where in diet would you find maltose (2)

Answer 22

beer and liquor

Question 23

what is alpha formation

Answer 23

trans to C5 (right OH facing down)

Question 24

what is beta formation

Answer 24

Cis to C5 (right OH facing up)

Question 25

>6 monosaccerides=

Answer 25

polysaccheride

Question 26

2-6 monosaccherides=

Answer 26

Oligosaccheride

Question 27

what is starch

Answer 27

the stored form of carbohydrates in PLANTS

Question 28

what is fibre

Answer 28

part of cell wall of plants

Question 29

can fibre be digested by humans

Answer 29

no

Question 30

what is glycogen

Answer 30

stored form of carbohydrates in ANIMALS

Question 31

polysaccherides in the diet (3)

Answer 31

grains legumes root vegetables

Question 32

starch is .....polumers

Answer 32

glucose

Question 33

what is the major source of carbohydrates in our diet(1)

Answer 33

starch

Question 34

what do plants store glucose as (2)

Answer 34

amylose | amylopectin

Question 35

structure of amylose (shape and linkage)

Answer 35

linear | Alpha 1-4

Question 36

structure of amylopectin (shape and linkage)

Answer 36

branched Alpha 1-4 branch: Alpha 1-6 every 24-30 residues

Question 37

two structures of polysaccherides

Answer 37

linear | branched

Question 38

what enzyme aids in the digestion of amylose and amylopectin

Answer 38

amylase enzymes

Question 39

where is the amylase enzyme found(2)

Answer 39

mouth and small intestine

Question 40

two types of fibre

Answer 40

soluble and insoluble

Question 41

what is cellulose

Answer 41

insoluble fibre

Question 42

name the primary insoluble fibre

Answer 42

cellulose

Question 43

where is cellulose found

Answer 43

in all plant foods, it is the main structural component of the plant cell wall

Question 44

cellulose structure and linkage

Answer 44

glucose molecule chains with Beta 1-4 linkages

Question 45

how is cellulose digested

Answer 45

it isnt, it adds to bulk of stool

Question 46

examples of soluble fibre (4)

Answer 46

some hemicellulose pectin gums Beta glucans

Question 47

what happens to soluble fibre in digestive process

Answer 47

is soluble therefore it forms viscous gel

Question 48

what happens to the viscous gel that soluble fibre forms in the gut

Answer 48

bacteria in colon ferment the gel forming short fatty acid chains which can be absorbed and used for energy production

Question 49

advantages of glycogen (3)

Answer 49

- insoluble - readily converted back onto glucose in liver - readily converted to energy (liver and muscle)

Question 50

glycogen structure (1) and linkages (3)

Answer 50

-highly branched glucose polymer -Alpha 1-4 -branches: Alpha 1-6 branches every 12 residues

Question 51

advantages of glucose

Answer 51

water soluble---> free glucose in bloodstream | -can enter ALL cells and be used for energy production

Question 52

which cells only use glucose (2)

Answer 52

brain and RBC

Question 53

what transports glucose into skeletal muscle cells

Answer 53

gluT 4 transporters

Question 54

what transports glucose into liver cells

Answer 54

gluT 2 transporter

Question 55

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue require ....... to increase cell's uptake of glucose

Answer 55

insulin

Question 56

how does insulin affect a cells glucose uptake

Answer 56

insulin binds to receptor, and signals for more gluTs to move to cell membrane and increase uptake of glucose

Question 57

is glucose osmotically active

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

glucose is osmotically active, what can this cause

Answer 58

dehydration

Question 59

what can chronically high blood glucose levels lead to

Answer 59

non-specific binding of glucose to proteins

Question 60

hihg blood glucose levels --> non-specific binding of glucose to proteins is a common problem in

Answer 60

type 2 diabetes

Question 61

what are the two main hormones involved in blood glucose regulation

Answer 61

insulin and glucagon

Question 62

where is glucagon released from

Answer 62

alpha cells of pancrease

Question 63

glucagon is released from.... and travels to....

Answer 63

pancreas | liver

Question 64

insulin is release from

Answer 64

beta cells of pancreas

Question 65

insulin travels from .... to.....

Answer 65

pancreas skeletal muscle liver adipose tissue

Question 66

insulin is released in response to.....

Answer 66

high blood glucose levels

Question 67

glucagon is released in response to .....

Answer 67

low glucose levels

Question 68

glucagon is released, this causes a .....in blood glucose levels

Answer 68

increase

Question 69

insuling is released, this causes an.....in blood glucose levels

Answer 69

decrease

Question 70

health benefits of fibre (4)

Answer 70

- toxins have less contact with body - binds with carcinogens - eat less - binds to cholesterol

Question 71

risks of low fibre diet (6)

Answer 71

- constipation - haemorrhoids - irritable bowel syndroe - obesity - coronary heart disease - colon cancer