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Bio /chem/cell > RNA and transcription W4 > Flashcards

RNA and transcription W4 Flashcards

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1
Q

three main differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single stranded
it contains Uracil instead of thymine
it contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

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2
Q

three main RNA species

A 
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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3
Q

primary role of mRNA

A

directs amino acid sequence for proteins

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4
Q

primary role of tRNA

A

transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

primary role of rRNA

A

part of ribosome, involved in protein synthesis

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6
Q

how is RNA made

A

via RNA polymerase

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7
Q

what directs the transcription process

A

DNA sequence

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8
Q

what is a promoter

A

start signal - TATA box: 5’TATAAA3’

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9
Q

what is the start signal recognised by

A

TATA protein (TBP)

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10
Q

what is the terminator

A

stop signal- 5’ AATAAA 3’ signals polymerase to stop

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11
Q

what controls the rate of transcription

A

transcription factors

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12
Q

what do transcription factors do

A

regulate the rate of transcription

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13
Q

how do transcription factors regulate the rate of transcription

A

by binding to specific DNA sequences in promter regions (DNA BINDING DOMAIN) and interract with proteins that are required for transcription to alter rate (ACTIVATION/REPRESSION DOMAIN)

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14
Q

what are the two types of transcription factors

A

general

specific

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15
Q

what is the difference between general and specific transcription factors

A

general - needed for transcription to occur, same ones required for all genes and cells

specific- not needed for transcription to occur, but they increase/decrease the rate`

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16
Q

specific transcription factors may be involved in …… or…..

A

activation or repression

17
Q

specific transcription factors can be regulated by (3)

A
  • cell specific expression
  • translocation
  • modification or binding interactions with other proteins
18
Q

example of specific transcription factor

A

steroid hormone receptor -

only prompters with steroid responsive element will respond

19
Q

specific example of specific transcription factors (2)

A

androgen prompter

estrogen prompter

20
Q

two examples of chemical modification of RNA

A

%’ cappin: methylated guanine cap prevents immediate degradation

addition of poly-A-tail prevents immediate

21
Q

what’s the difference between pre mRNA and mature mRNA

A

mature RNA is only composed of exons

22
Q

what is splicing

A

the removal of non-coding introns

23
Q

whats alternative splicing

A

splicing where particular exons are excluded or included

24
Q

how can different mRNA (and hence proteins) be formed from the a single gene

A

through alternative splicing (the inclusion or exclusion of specific exons

25
Q

how does a cell know where an intron starts and ends ??

A

intron concensus sequence

GU….AG

26
Q

intron consensus sequence, GU end is called ….

AG end is called ,,,

A

donor site

acceptor site

27
Q

what does it stand for: snRNPs

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

28
Q

what do snRNPs do?

A

they pull exons together, forming intronic loop which is cleaved and therefore the exons are spliced together

29
Q

what is an intronic loop

A

loop made from the intron section of pre mRNA which is then cleaved to form mature mRNA

30
Q

DNA- 4 main problems that lead to disease

A
  • mutation in non-coding regions
  • alterations in transcriptional activity
  • non coding RNAs
  • splice variants
31
Q

how do mutations in non coding regions lead to disease

A

mutations in transcription factor binding sites may lead to an increase/decrease in protein production

32
Q

how do non coding RNAs lead to disease

A

bind to complementary sequence and target mRNA for degradation which may impact the leves of protein

33
Q

how can splice variants lead to disease

A

can cause proteins with altered functions

34
Q

example of disease resulting from alternative splicing

A

hutchinson-guilford pregoria syndrome

Bio /chem/cell (13 decks)

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