Carbs Flashcards
Block 1 - New notes (120 cards)
1
Q
Claude Bernard
A
First described homeostasis
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
maintain interal stability durning internal + external changes
3
Q
Physiological reflexes
A
- stimulant causing cell to cell communication + feedback loop
- Has 3 reflex opitions
4
Q
Where do hormones go
A
wherever needed to trigger a response
5
Q
Main difference betwen Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
A
membrane organells, main components (lipids, proteins, carbs)
6
Q
cellular compartmentatization
A
functinal seperation within the cell
7
Q
Cellular Energy Metabolism
A
transfer + utilization of energy
8
Q
ATP
A
Adenosine Tri Phosphate, energy rich with many purposes
9
Q
what happens in CEM is blocked
A
cells die instantly
10
Q
Purposes of ATP
A
cell transport, enzyme activity, muscle contractions
11
Q
ADP
A
Adenosine diphosphate
12
Q
Main energy sources
A
Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bosies, volatile fatty acids
13
Q
Carbohydrates
A
most abundant as saccharides, main source of energy, membrane and structual components, stores as glucgoen
14
Q
where is glycogen stored
A
muscle and liver
15
Q
Simple sugars
A
monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, galactose
16
Q
How are carbs organized
A
by number of carbons
17
Q
Which had carbonyl group at end
A
aldo (above)
18
Q
Which has carbonyl group on beta carbon
A
Keto
19
Q
what are isomers
A
same chemical formula with different arrangements
20
Q
examples of isomers
A
fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose
21
Q
what are alph and beta isomers
A
have different orientattion of hydroxyl group
22
Q
Enantiomers
A
Mirror images of isomers, have D and L
23
Q
Isomerase
A
can interconvert isomers and entiomers
24
Q
Glycosidic bonds
A
link sugars, attach non-carb to carb
25
Lactose is made of
galactose + glucose
26
Surcrose is made of
Glucose and fructose
27
Maltose is made of
Glucose squared
28
Polysaccharides are
branched glycogen, starch, cellulose
29
Nucleosides are made of
Carb + purine + pyrimide
30
Glycolipids are made of
Carb + lipid
31
Glycoproteins are made of
carb + protein with N-glycosidic to amine group
32
Proteoglycan is made of
Carb + protein with O-glycosidic to hydroxyl group
33
What is mucin
a glycoprotein that is a main component of mucus
34
Sugar derivatives
replacement of a single OH group (glucosamine)
35
Digestion
process of breaking down complex molecules
36
absorption
process of transporting simple molecules across intestinal epithelium
37
what is a lumen
the inside of intestine or stomach (open intenally)
38
Hepatic
Liver
39
Portal
series of veins and microcirculation vessels
40
Hepatic Portal System
everything absorbed through SI is transported through hps to liver then distributed later on
41
Salivary Alph-amylase
also ptyalin, small overall role, low pH deactivates)
42
Does enzyme digestion occur in stomach
no
43
Luminal digestion phase
mouth to SI
44
membranous digestion phase
distal duodenum and upper jejunum, occurs on microspic level
45
Enzymes of enterocytes
maltase, isomaltase, lactase, surcrase
46
SGLT 1
Na+ dependent, transport glucose + galactose
47
GLUT 2 + 5
Facilitated transport, transports fructose; passive
48
Passive system
high concentration to low with out ATP
49
Na+/K+-ATPase
Maintains Na+ gradient, requires ATP
50
Why cant glucose diffuse
its hydrophilic, must be transported by membrane transporter
51
What does Abnormal digestion of disaccharide mean
- large molescules got to large intestine causing abdominal cramps, diarrhea, gas, bloat
- energy molecule went somewhere it wasnt supposed to
52
Catabolic
Break down ( + energy)
53
Anabolic
Build up ( - energy)
54
Cycles
pathways that end with regentation of a component
55
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reaction
56
Catacolism
catabolic process
57
Intracellular communication
substrate availability
58
Intercellular communication
surface contact, chemical signaling
59
Acetyl-CoA
oxidized in mitochondria to CO2, H2O, ATP
60
what occurs in the cyosol
glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Anerobic Glycolysis
61
What occurs in mitochondria
Beta oxidation, urea cycle, kerb (TCA) cycle, celluar respiration
62
what is the mitochondria also called
power house / Biochemical energy reactor
63
what is a link reaction
pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by oxidative decarboxylation
64
TCA
aerobic cycle occurs in Mitochondiral matrix, O2 is final accepter
65
Products of TCA
Waste - CO2
Products - NADH, FADH2
66
what is PDHC
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, enzyme for pyruvate to acetyl-coa
67
what role does citric acid have
signal to cell of high energy (high ATP amount)
68
Glycolysis
breaks down glycose in the cytosol
69
Glycogenolysis
breaks down glycogen in liver + sk muscle, takes glycogen from sk muscle + liver
70
what in ihibits glycogenolysis
insulin
71
what stimulates glycogenolysis
glucagon + epinephrine
72
Glucogenesis
synthesises glycogen in liver + sk muscle, stores glycogen in sk muscle + liver
73
what stimulates glucogensis
insulin
73
what inhibits glucogenesis
glucagon + epinephrine
74
Glyconeogensis
synthesises glucose from non-sugars in the liver + kidneys
74
what inhibits gluconeogensis
insulin
74
what are the substrates of gluconeogensis
lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids
75
what stimulates gluconeogensis
glucagon + epinephrine
75
glycolysis is a constant ATP supplyer
no, it only creates what is needed
76
what is the net gain of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
77
what are the energy investing stages of glycolysis
the 1st 5 reactions (phosphorylate intermediates)
78
what are the energy generation stages of glycolysis
the subsequent reactions (6-10)
79
where is lactate used
in liver + heart tissue, gets to liver through Cori cycle and gluconeogensis
79
Fates of pyruvates
Fermentation to lactate?ethanol, oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl-coa, carboxylation to oxaloacetate (OAA)
79
what is Lactate dehydrognase
important enzymes that converts pyruvate into lactate
79
what oxidizes glucose
aerobic glycolysis
80
Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS)
name for ETC + ATP synthesis, final step in cellular respiration, oxidation of energy-rich molecules
80
what molecules get oxidased during OXPHOS
glucose + fatty acids to ATP, CO2, H2O
80
what oxidizes fatty acids
beta-oxidation
81
Electron Transport Chain
NADH + FADH2 electrons get passed to protein complexes and mobile electron carriers. occurs in inner membrane wall
82
purpose of ETC
H+ pump into mitochondria through complexes 1-3 to create gradient, causing ATP synthase to move
82
final acceptor of ETC
O2
83
Oxidation
removal of electons
84
Reduction
addition of electrons
85
what are the protein complexes and mobile electron carriers
CoQ and cytochrome C
86
What are inhibitors
arrest (stop) cellular respiration ; stops H+ movement (OXPHOS) / ATP synthesis
87
What are uncouplers
dissociate (separate) oxidation (ETC) from phosphorylation (ATP synthase), important in inhibitors
88
what regulates OXPHOS
ATP/ADP ratio
89
What inhibts TCA
lots of ATP, NADH, Citrate
90
Net products of aerobic glycolysis
NADH -> 3 ATP
FADH2 -> 2 ATP
GTP -> 1 ATP
90
What stimulates TCA
lots of glucose, acetyl coa, adp, nad+
91
Glucogenesis enzymes
glycogenin (primer), glycogen synthase (elongate), Branching enzyme
92
Insuin is
anabolic, hormone of abundance
93
glucagon is
catacbolic, hormone of starvation
94
what does gluconeogensis make lactate into
pyruvate
95
what does gluconeogensis make glycerol into
glycerol phosphate / 3-phosphoglycerate
96
what does gluconeogensis make glycogen amino acids into
oxalocetate throught the tca cycle
97
Cori cycle
also known as lactic acid cycle, uses the energy from lactate, links fermentation with gluconeogensis
98
what does the cori cycle prevent
lactic acid acidosis durning anaerobic conditions
99
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
also known as hexose pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternate cytoplasmic route for glycolysis (glucose-6-phosphate metabolism)
100
Functions of PPP
generate NADPH, provision of ribose
101
what is NADPH important for
biosunthesis of lipids
102
whatis ribose important for
residues for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
103
where does the PPP occur
cytosol of the cell, no ATP consumed or generated
104
what happenes if the PPP is compromized
cant make fatty acids, cant make steroid hormones, cant metabolize drug
105
What does the PPP do in liver + adipose tissues
biosynthesis of FA from acetyl-coa
106
What does the PPP do in endroctine tissues
synthesis cholesterol + steroid hormone
107
what does the PPP do in mammoary glands
produce milk fats
108
what does the PPP do in mature erythrocytes, lens + cornea
gluthione production
109
Respiratory burst
cell defense mechanism, inside special lusosomes, requires ROS
