Cardiac

Question 1

Nonmodifiable risk factors for heart disease

Answer 1

Heredity, age, gender

Question 2

Modifiable risk factors for heart disease

Answer 2

HTN, high serum lipid levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

Question 3

PVR is related to …

Answer 3

Diameter of blood vessel and blood viscosity

Question 4

What is considered hypertension?

Answer 4

Measurement of 140/90 on 3 separate days

Question 5

What is essential hypertension?

Answer 5

No single known cause

Question 6

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 6

Known cause (eg. renal disease, pregnancy, thyroid disease, cocaine, estrogen, steroids)

Question 7

Hypertensive emergency

Answer 7

S > 180, D > 120

Question 8

Hypertensive urgency

Answer 8

BP super high but no evidence of impending organ damage

Question 9

How do you treat hypertensive crises?

Answer 9

Continuous IV infusion of a short acting titratable antihypertensive agent

Question 10

Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen

Answer 10

Coronary atherosclerosis

Question 11

Caused by imbalance between coronary arteries’ supply of oxygen and cardiac muscle’s demand for oxygen

Answer 11

Angina

Question 12

How to treat angina?

Answer 12

Should last 3-5 min, decrease with rest and nitroglycerin

Question 13

Call 911 after how many nitroglycerin?

Answer 13

After 1 nitro, if there is no relief

Question 14

Inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump

Answer 14

Heart failure

Question 15

Causes of heart failure

Answer 15

Primarily MI or HTN

Question 16

Symptoms of L sided heart failure

Answer 16

SOB, crackles, pulmonary edema, cough, confusion/fatigue, low O2 sats

Question 17

Symptoms of R sided heart failure

Answer 17

Distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, ascites, dependent edema, weight changes (the Rest of the body)

Question 18

Metabolic syndrome = any of the following 3

Answer 18

Waist circumference (> 40 in men, 35 in women), TG > 150, HDL < 40 men 50 women, BP > 130/85, fasting glucose > 100

Question 19

Cardiac enzymes released into circulation when myocardial cells die

Answer 19

Creatine kinase - CK-MB

Question 20

Regulates contractile process, increased levels indicate recent MI damage

Answer 20

Troponin T and I

Question 21

Where are the three leads placed for ECG?

Answer 21

RA, LA, LL

Question 22

P wave represents

Answer 22

Atrial depolarization, SA node fires

Question 23

PR interval represents

Answer 23

Conduction of impulse to ventricles

Question 24

Normal PR interval

Answer 24

0.12-0.2 sec

Question 25

QRS complex represents

Answer 25

Ventricular depolarization + atrial repolarization

Question 26

Normal QRS complex

Answer 26

< 0.12 sec

Question 27

ST segment represents

Answer 27

Ventricular depolarization and beginning of repolarization

Question 28

Elevation or suppression of ST segment may indicate...

Answer 28

Cardiac ischemia

Question 29

Ca controls

Answer 29

contraction

Question 30

Na controls

Answer 30

conduction

Question 31

K controls

Answer 31

repolarization

Question 32

Atrial rate =

Answer 32

P waves

Question 33

Ventricular rate =

Answer 33

R waves

Question 34

How many mL of blood should be ejected from the ventricle?

Answer 34

70-80 mL