cardiac Flashcards
(19 cards)
Clinical manifestations of left sided heart failure?
Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Cough
Pulmonary crackles (rales)
Decrease O2 sat levels
S3 ventricular gallop
Oliguria, if Kidney perfusion is diminished (Nocturia may occur when perfusion improves with sleeping due to improved perfusion at rest.)
Decreased perfusion to other systemic organs (Advanced Failure)
Sluggish GI motility
Dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, restlessness
Anxiety
Skin cool and clammy
Decrease in EF
Tachycardia and/or weak/thready pulse
Fatigue or activity intolerance
Clinical Manifestations of right sided heart failure?
Lower extremity dependent edema (dependent edema is swelling that follows the position of the body):
Legs and feet
May progress to thighs, external genitalia, lower trunk, abdomen, and sacral edema (in a bedbound patient)
Pitting edema (indentations in the skin remain even after slight compression with the fingertips)
Hepatomegaly (Enlargement of the liver)
Ascites (Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
Anorexia and nausea
Weight gain due to retention of fluid (According to Professor Ollie, this happens on both sides but for the purpose of this exam, right side only. Also it makes you anorexic and gain weight? tf)
Weakness/fatigue from reduced CO and impaired cognition
Decreased perfusion to other systemic organs (Advanced failure)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
Captopril (Capoten)
are examples of what make classification of medications? NOTE: THEY ALL END IN PRIL!
ACE inhibitors
What are the actions of ACE inhibitors?
Lowers blood pressure and decreases strain on the heart, this makes it easier for the heart to pump and improves blood flow.
Irbesartan (Avapro)
Losartan (Cozaar)
Valsartan (Diovan)
is an example of what classification of medication? NOTE: THEY ALL END IN TAN!!!
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS):
Indicators of ACE inhibitors?
Adjunctive therapy for CHF
Hypertension
Heart Failure (cause vasodilation, are preload and afterload reducers, and provide renal protection).
Indicators of ARBs?
Adjunctive therapy for CHF
Hypertension
Reduces the effects of water and sodium retention
Action of ARBs?
Lowers blood pressure and decreases strain on the heart, this makes it easier for the heart to pump and improves blood flow.
NOTE!!! Usually prescribed when ACE inhibitors cause a persistent dry cough.
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
Propranolol (Inderal)
are examples of what classification of medication? NOTE, THEY ALL END IN LOL!!!
Beta-blockers
Actions of beta blockers?
Lowers blood pressure and slows heart rate. May strengthen the heart’s pumping action over time.
Indicators of beta blockers?
Indicators:
Hypertension
Angina
MI
Tachycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias
CAD
Amlodipine (Norvasc)
Diltiazem (Cardizem)
Felodipine (Plendil)
Nifedipine (Procardia)
Verapamil (Isoptin)
Are examples of what classification of medication? NOTE!!! THEY ALL IN PINE (except dilitiazem and verpamil for some reason)
Calcium channel blockers
What are the actions of Calcium channel blockers/
Lowers blood pressure and relaxes the heart and associated blood to receive more oxygenated blood. May slow heart rate.
What are the indicators of calcium channel blockers?
Indicators:
Hypertension
Angina
Cardiac arrhythmias
measures substances released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is damaged or stressed is what kind of test?
Cardiac biomarker test
What are the most preferred tests for acute myocardial infarction, unique to the heart muscle and highly concentrated in cardiomyocytes?
Troponin T and I tests
What is the top priority of care in a patient with acute MI?
Balancing myocardial oxygen supply with demand
medical procedure that uses clot-busting medication or devices to dissolve blood clots in blood vessels, improving blood flow and preventing tissue damage.
Thrombolytic therapy
life-saving, minimally invasive procedure performed in the setting of a heart attack (specifically a STEMI) to open blocked coronary arteries and restore blood flow to the heart muscle.
Emergent PCI
