Gas Exchange and Respiration

Question 1

Tightening of the bronchus due to the contraction of the smooth muscle.

Answer 1

Bronchoconstriction

Question 2

Expansion in the airway of the bronchus.

Answer 2

Bronchodilation

Question 3

The space or cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of the lungs

Answer 3

Pleural Cavity

Question 4

A protective layer of membrane covering the lungs

Answer 4

Pleura `

Question 5

A muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and innervated by nerves.

Answer 5

diaphragm

Question 6

A lubricant made by the lungs to keep the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation.

Answer 6

Surfactant

Question 7

The collapse of airways and small sections as the result of shallow breathing. The collapsing of the lung during expansion.

Answer 7

Atelectasis.

Question 8

The flow of air inside or outside of the alveoli.

Answer 8

Ventilation.

Question 9

The flow of blood by the cardiopulmonary system into the alveolar capillaries where deoxygenated blood is exchanged for oxygenated blood in the heart and delivered to the rest of the body.

Answer 9

Perfusion

Question 10

The point to which a lung can expand in response to increased pressure in the alveoli (interalveolar)

Answer 10

Lung compliance.

Question 11

The pressure or opposition of the tissues in the airway to the flow or air.

Answer 11

Airway resistance

Question 12

Volume of air breathed in after a typical inspiration.

Answer 12

Inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 13

Volume of air inspired and expired with each breath.

Answer 13

Tidal volume

Question 14

Volume of air remaining in the alveoli after expiration.

Answer 14

Residual volume

Question 15

Volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal inspiration.

Answer 15

Forced vital capacity.

Question 16

Maximum volume of air that is expelled after maximal inspiration.

Answer 16

Vital capacity.

Question 17

Volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal inspiration.

Answer 17

Total Lung capacity

Question 18

The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs from the capillaries for gas exchange and back.

Answer 18

Pulmonary circulation

Question 19

What is Cardiac output and what is the formula for it?

Answer 19

The volume of blood ejected by the heart ventricles in one minute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume and pulse rate of the heart.

CO = HR X SV

Question 20

Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during one contraction.

Answer 20

Stroke volume

Question 21

The blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole causing it to stretch.

Answer 21

Preload

Question 22

The amount of resistance or force that occurs when the heart ejects blood from the left ventricle.

Answer 22

Afterload

Question 23

The force required to eject blood from the left ventricle.

Answer 23

Contractility

Question 24

The pacemaker of the heart.

Answer 24

The sinoatrial node.

Question 25

What is the correct order of steps in electrical conduction?

Answer 25

Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers The conduction of the heart begins at the SA node and then moves to the AV node, to the bundle of His, to the right and left bundle branches, and finally to the Purkinje fibers.

Question 26

A client reports experiencing stress about their new diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). What are the manifestations of prolonged stress?

Answer 26

Increased heart rate, increased cortisol.

Question 27

A vibration felt in the chest wall during palpation or auscultation found when speaking.

Answer 27

Tactile fermitus

Question 28

A buildup of fluid in the pleural space.

Answer 28

Pleural effusion

Question 29

Air in the pleural space causing the lung to completely or partially collapse.

Answer 29

pneumothorax.

Question 30

Low amount of oxygen in the blood

Answer 30

Hypoxemia.

Question 31

Below the expected level of oxygen in body tissue.

Answer 31

Hypoxia.

Question 32

Shallow breathing with a lower than expected respiratory rate.

Answer 32

Hypoventilation

Question 33

Heart Rate less than 60 beats/minute

Answer 33

Bradycardia

Question 34

Heart rate more than 100 beats/minute

Answer 34

Tardycardia

Question 35

Leaky valves that do not close

Answer 35

Regurgitation

Question 36

Narrowing of a heart valve

Answer 36

Stenosis

Question 37

A client is experiencing hypoxia. What manifestations can the nurse find in the client?

Answer 37

confusion, restlessness, difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, and bluish skin.

Question 38

How much oxygen can be delivered by a nasal cannula?

Answer 38

How much oxygen can be delivered by a nasal cannula? (Click this card to reveal the answer.) Oxygen can be delivered via nasal cannula at low concentrations at 1 to 6 L/min (24% to 44% oxygen).

Question 39

What are the disadvantages of using a nasal cannula?

Answer 39

Disadvantages include nasal irritation and the potential to cause headaches. The amount of inspired oxygen depends on the client’s flow settings and respiratory pattern. Other disadvantages are that the nasal cannula can deliver only flow rates of less than 4 L/min, it is not suitable for clients with nasal obstructions, and it is not as accurate as fixed performance systems.

Question 40

whistling-type noises produced during expiration (and sometimes inspiration) when air is forced through airways narrowed by bronchoconstriction or associated mucosal edema. Most common in patients with asthma.

Answer 40

Wheezes

Question 41

also called rales, are popping or crackling sounds heard on inspiration that occur in association with conditions that cause fluid to accumulate within the alveolar and interstitial spaces, such as heart failure or pneumonia. The sound is similar to that produced by rubbing strands of hair together close to your ear.

Answer 41

Crackling

Question 42

heard only on inspiration. It is associated with mechanical obstruction at the level of the trachea/upper airway.

Answer 42

Stridor

Question 43

rub may be heard on either inspiration or expiration and sounds like the rubbing together of leather. Is heard when there is inflammation of the lung pleura, resulting in friction as the surfaces rub against each other.

Answer 43

Pleural Rub

Question 44

Low-pitched, snoring or rumbling sounds heard during inspiration or expiration. They occur when mucus or fluid accumulates in larger airways.

Answer 44

Rhonchi