Cardiac

Question 1

What does the central venous pressure (CVP) waveform primarily reflect?

Answer 1

The CVP waveform primarily reflects the pressure in the thoracic vena cava, which is influenced by right atrial pressure and blood volume.

Question 2

True or False: The CVP waveform can be used to assess right heart function.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The normal range for central venous pressure is typically between ___ and ___ mmHg.

Answer 3

2 and 8

Question 4

What are the main components of a normal CVP waveform?

Answer 4

The main components include the a wave, c wave, x descent, v wave, and y descent.

Question 5

Multiple Choice: Which wave in the CVP waveform corresponds to atrial contraction? A) a wave B) v wave C) c wave D) x descent

Answer 5

A) a wave

Question 6

What does the ‘v wave’ in the CVP waveform represent?

Answer 6

The v wave represents venous filling of the right atrium during ventricular systole.

Question 7

True or False: An elevated CVP waveform suggests hypovolemia.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Short Answer: What can cause a change in the CVP waveform?

Answer 8

Changes in intravascular volume, right heart function, or intrathoracic pressure can cause changes in the CVP waveform.

Question 9

What is the significance of the x descent in the CVP waveform?

Answer 9

The x descent indicates atrial relaxation and the downward movement of the tricuspid valve.

Question 10

Multiple Choice: A prominent c wave in the CVP waveform may indicate: A) Right ventricular hypertrophy B) Tricuspid regurgitation C) Dehydration D) Normal heart function

Answer 10

B) Tricuspid regurgitation

Question 11

Which pacemaker mode is best utilized during surgery involving electrocautery?

Answer 11

DOO

Question 12

What are the pacemaker modes?

Answer 12

Question 13

What is a physiologic consequence of anemia?

Answer 13

Regional blood flow increases

Question 14

What direction does anemia cause oxyhemoglobin curve to shift?

Answer 14

Right

Question 15

What is epinephrine’s effect on beta receptors?

Answer 15

vasodilation

Question 16

What is epinephrine’s effect on alpha receptors?

Answer 16

vasoconstriction

Question 17

Which effects predominate at lower doses of epinephrine?

Answer 17

beta

Question 18

What are the vascular affects of magnesium?

Answer 18

Question 19

How does hypermagnesemia lead to cardiotoxicity?

Answer 19

acting as a calcium and potassium channel blocker which disrupts cardiac function and leads to complete heart block & cardiac arrest

Question 20

What is the equation for SVR?

Answer 20

80 x (MAP - RAP)/CO

Question 21

What is the mechanism by which succinylcholine causes bradycardia?

Answer 21

activation of cardiac muscarinic receptors in the SA node

Question 22

What are the 4 preferred sites for intraosseous line placement?

Answer 22

sternum
proximal tibia
distal tibia
proximal humerus

Question 23

What is the most common lesion seen in congenital heart disease (excluding bicuspid aortic valve)?

Answer 23

perimembranous ventricular septal defect

Question 24

Is beta-adrenergic sensitivity increased or decreased in elderly patients?

Answer 24

Decreased beta-adrenergic sensitivity in the setting of chronic increases in relative sympathetic activity

Question 25

How much should you inflate a lower extremity tourniquet?

Answer 25

100 mmHg above systolic BP

Question 26

How much should you inflate and upper extremity tourniquet?

Answer 26

50 mmHg above systolic BP