Cardiac Alterations-Slides 44 On

Question 1

Displacement (ballooning) of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during ventricular systole

Answer 1

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 2

Typically asymptomatic

Answer 2

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 3

Woman usually affected more than men

Answer 3

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 4

Midsystolic click or systolic murmur

Answer 4

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 5

palpitations; rhythm abnormalities; dizziness; fatigue; dyspnea; chest pain; or depression and anxiety

Answer 5

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 6

Predominant cause is age-related calcium deposits on the aortic cusps

Answer 6

Aortic Stenosis

Question 7

Left ventricle hypertrophy may result in ischemia and left-sided heart failure

Answer 7

Aortic Stenosis

Question 8

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur during ventricular systole with prominent S4; syncope; fatigue; angina

Answer 8

Aortic Stenosis

Question 9

Results in obstruction of aortic outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta during systole

Answer 9

Aortic Stenosis

Question 10

Incompetent aortic valve allows blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole

Answer 10

Aortic Regurgitation

Question 11

Causes: abnormal aortic valve or aortic root dilation

Answer 11

Aortic Regurgitation

Question 12

Leads to left ventricle hypertrophy and dilation with eventual left-sided heart failure

Answer 12

Aortic Regurgitation

Question 13

High-pitched blowing murmur during ventricular diastole;

Answer 13

Aortic Regurgitation

Question 14

high systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure usually low; palpitations

Answer 14

Aortic Regurgitation

Question 15

Acute inflammatory disease that follows infection with group A β-hemolytic streptococci

Answer 15

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 16

Damage is due to immune attack on the individual’s own tissues

Answer 16

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 17

Antibodies against the streptococcal antigens damage connective tissue in joints, heart, skin

Answer 17

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 18

Occurs mainly in children

Answer 18

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 19

Fever; sore throat; joint inflammation; erythema marginatum, involuntary movements (Sydenham chorea); and a distinctive truncal rash

Answer 19

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 20

Invasion and colonization of endocardial structures by microorganisms with resulting inflammation—vegetations

Answer 20

Infective endocarditis

Question 21

What are the most common bacteria in infective endocarditis

Answer 21

Staph and Strepto

Question 22

Prognosis poor

Intravenous drug users susceptible

Answer 22

Acute infective endocarditis

Question 23

Predisposing risk factors typically present

Answer 23

Subacute infective endocarditis

Question 24

inflammatory disorder of the heart muscle characterized by necrosis and degeneration of myocytes

Answer 24

Myocarditis

Question 25

Clinical course: acute and stormy, with recovery or death from cardiac failure occurring weeks to months after the onset of symptoms

Answer 25

Myocarditis

Question 26

may be genetic or acquired and is noninflammatory

Answer 26

Cardiomyopathy

Question 27

Evolve more insidiously over years, with few symptoms until the heart slips into failure

Answer 27

Cardiomyopathy

Question 28

Characterized by inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, necrosis of cardiac muscle cells

Answer 28

Myocarditis

Question 29

Causes include microbial agents, immune-mediated diseases, physical agents

Answer 29

Myocarditis

Question 30

Viral etiology most common

Answer 30

Myocarditis

Question 31

Characterized by left ventricular dysfunction (“flabby” with patchy or diffuse necrotic lesions) and general dilation of all four chambers

Answer 31

Myocarditis

Question 32

Classified by cause or functional impairment

Answer 32

Cardiomyopathy

Question 33

Dysfunction of unknown cause is ______ cardiomyopathy

Answer 33

Primary cardiomyopathy

Question 34

Classified by cause or functional impairment is ____ cardiomyopathy

Answer 34

secondary

Question 35

Name the 3 functional classifications of cardiomyopathy

Answer 35

Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive

Question 36

Cardiac failure associated with dilation of one or both ventricular chambers

Answer 36

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 37

``` May be related to: Alcohol toxicity Pregnancy Postviral myocarditis Genetic abnormality ```

Answer 37

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 38

Slow progression of biventricular heart failure with low ejection fraction

Answer 38

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 39

Thickened, hyperkinetic ventricular muscle mass

Answer 39

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 40

Septum may be affected, leading to idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

Answer 40

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 41

Genetic abnormality: autosomal dominant pattern

Answer 41

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 42

Clinical course is variable, typically slow progression

Answer 42

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 43

Asymptomatic or dyspnea and angina

Answer 43

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 44

Rarest form of cardiomyopathy

Answer 44

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 45

Stiff, fibrotic, rigid, noncompliant ventricle with impaired diastolic filling

Answer 45

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 46

Most commonly associated with amyloidosis

Answer 46

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 47

Decreased cardiac output and left-sided heart failure can result

Answer 47

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 48

Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and weakness

Answer 48

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 49

Presumed known origin

Answer 49

Specific Cardiomyopathy

Question 50

Present functionally as dilated, hypertrophic, or restrictive disorders

Answer 50

Specific Cardiomyopathy

Question 51

Typically sequelae of other disorders such as systemic infection, trauma, metabolic derangement, neoplasia

Answer 51

pericardial diseases

Question 52

Accumulation of noninflammatory fluid in the pericardial sac

Answer 52

pericardial effusion

Question 53

``` Composition of usual fluids Serous Serosanguineous Chylous Blood ```

Answer 53

pericardial effusion

Question 54

When fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac is large/sudden it can lead to external compression of the heart chambers such that filling is impaired

Answer 54

Cardiac tamponade

Question 55

Reduced stroke volume Compensatory increases in heart rate Pulsus paradoxus are manifestations of _______

Answer 55

Cardiac tamponade

Question 56

Hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds called _______. Symptoms happen in ______

Answer 56

Beck's triad; cardiac tamponade

Question 57

Treatment: pericardiocentesis

Answer 57

Cardiac tamponade

Question 58

Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium

Answer 58

Pericarditis

Question 59

healed stage of the acute form that results in chronic pericardial dysfunction

Answer 59

chronic pericarditis

Question 60

Most cases idiopathic and presumed viral

Answer 60

Acute pericarditis

Question 61

Uncomplicated form resolves spontaneously

Answer 61

Acute pericarditis

Question 62

Complicated forms involve pericardial effusion, or persistent/recurrent inflammation; requires hospitalization

Answer 62

Acute pericarditis

Question 63

Typically presents as chest pain; fever, leukocytosis, malaise, and tachycardia; friction rub

Answer 63

Acute pericarditis