Cardiac Function Flashcards by Rachel Belmont

When contraction results in a rapid rise in ventricular pressure > aortic/pulmonic pressure, forcing the aortic/pulmonic valve to open with rapid ejection of blood from the ventricle

Ventricular Ejection

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amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the ventricle

Stroke Volume

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What is the formula for stroke volume?

SV = EDV – ESV

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volume of blood in the ventricle prior to ejection

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

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what is the formula for the ejection fraction? And what percentage is normal?

SV/EDV; normal—60% to 80%

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rate and degree of ventricular relaxation

lusitropy

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Mean right _______pressure is the same as central ____ pressure. This is a measurement of blood _____ in the heart.

arterial, venous, volume

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Left main coronary artery divides into left _________branches

Anterior descending and circumflex

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Left________supplies the septal, anterior, and apical areas

anterior descending

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________supplies the lateral and posterior left ventricles

Circumflex

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Right coronary artery supplies the _________ and _______

right atrium/ventricle and posterior left ventricle

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Creatine phosphate (CP) is a storage form of ___, and an immediately available source of ____.

ATP, energy

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Under conditions of low ATP availability, CP is converted to ATP by the enzyme

creatine kinase (CK)

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Enzyme ________ is useful to help determine myocardial cell damage

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Sympathetic activation increases___(3)______via binding of norephinephrine to β receptors

heart rate (chronotropic effect), speed of conduction (dromotropic effect), and force of contraction (inotropic effect)

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Another name for HR is _____ effect

chronotropic

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Another name for speed of conduction is______effect

dromotropic

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Another name for force of contraction is ______effect

inotropic

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Parasympathetic stimulation results in ________ and ________ via binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors. An example is the _____ response.

reduction in heart rate, and speed of action potential conduction. vasovagal

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As action potentials spread throughout the ________, electrical current is transmitted to the body surface

myocardium

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A recording of these electrical currents is called an

electrocardiogram (ECG)

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Electrocardiogram (ECG) identifies irregularities in

___(2)____

Impulse initiation, and conduction rates/pathways

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corresponds to atrial depolarization

P wave

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represents ventricular depolarization

QRS Complex

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reflects ventricular repolarization

T wave

in slow heart rate and low potassium

U wave

Measure of the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

cardiac output

Normal resting cardiac output is

5-6 L/minute

_______is a measure of cardiac output relative to body surface area

Cardiac index

What is the formula for cardiac output?

CO = stroke volume x heart rate

Increase in heart rate or volume = _____CO | Decrease in heart rate or volume = ______CO

increased; decreased

``` The following of determinants of _______ Anxiety Fear Stress Excitement Trauma Fever Drugs ```

Heart rate

Vagus nerve stimulation _____heart rate

decreases

Sustained ____ pulse rates eventually lead to _____CO

high; decreased

The volume of blood in the heart prior to contraction _____

preload

The contractile capabilities _____

contractility

Impedance opposing ejection of blood from the ventricle; basically the force against which the heart has to contract to eject blood _______

afterload

Name 3 determinants of stroke volume

preload, contractility, and after load

______provides information about the heart’s conduction patterns

ECG

______ is a more direct assessment of cardiac function

Cardiac catheterization

_________and nuclear cardiography: use various modes to image the heart

Echocardiography

____ and ____cause enhanced excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys

ANP and BNP

________ is synthesized by myocytes and released in response to atrial stretch

ANP

__________ is produced and released by ventricles in response to chronic overdistention and is elevated in _____

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); congestive heart failure

Provides graphic illustration of the electrical currents generated by cardiac cells and uses electrodes

Electrocardiography

Holter monitors and the exercise stress test are types of _______

Electrocardiography

Uses reflected sound waves (ultrasound) to provide an image of cardiac structure and motion within the chest

Echocardiography

Useful in diagnosis of heart enlargement, valvular disorders, collections of fluid in the pericardial space, cardiac tumors, and abnormalities in left ventricular motion

Echocardiography

Echocardiography provides estimations of _______and assessments of ventricular ____ and _____function

ejection fraction; systolic and diastolic

________ is when radioactive substances injected into the bloodstream are used to trace the patterns of blood flow in the heart

Nuclear Cardiography

Assesses the adequacy of blood flow to cardiac tissues

Nuclear Cardiography

During Nuclear Cardiography, cold spots signify inadequate _____

perfusion

Evaluate cardiac perfusion and metabolism

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans

During a cardiac catheterization, a catheter is passed from the femoral or ______artery into the aorta to the heart: assess ___ side of the heart

brachial; left

During a cardiac catheterization, a catheter is passed from the _____vein to the inferior vena cava to the heart: assess ____side of the heart

femoral; Right

Can be used in conjunction with thrombolytic drugs, laser therapy, stents, and coronary balloon angioplasty

Cardiac Catheterization

Used to directly measure pressures within cardiac chambers; visualize chamber size, shape, and movement; sample for blood oxygen content in various heart regions

Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angioplasty

Measures CO and ejection fraction; and visualize and manage coronary artery obstructions

Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angioplasty

A battery operated portable device that measures your heart's ECG continuously for 24-48 hours or longer

Holter monitor

A clinician needs to record a patient’s heart rhythm for 48 hours. Which diagnostic test should be used? Holter monitor Magnetic resonance imaging Echocardiography Nuclear cardiography

Holter monitor

Used to determine how well your heart responds during times when it's working its hardest. During the test, you'll be asked to exercise — typically on a treadmill — while you're hooked up to an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine

Exercise Stress Test

Useful for imaging cardiac structures

MRI and CT

a measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the ventricle pumps out with each contraction.

ventricular ejection