Cardiac/Circulatory Disease

Question 1

F.hepatica infection

Answer 1

CS - Blood loss anaemia. pallor, weakness, ill thrift, ventral oedema
Treatment - appropriate anthelmintics, prognosis good if no chronic hepatic changes
Whole herd likely affected
Common in UK

Question 2

Abomasal ulcet

Answer 2

CS - blood loss anaemia. Dull, abdo pain, milk drop, reduced appetite, MM parlor, weakness
Limited treatment option, prognosis guarded
Individual

Question 3

Caudal vena cava syndrome

Answer 3

CS - blood loss anaemia. Epistaxis, sudden death, increased resp rate and effort
Euthanasia, prognosis poor

Question 4

Trauma

Answer 4

Blood loss anaemia
Identify and ligate offending vessel if possible
Transfusion may be needed
Isolated even

Question 5

Babeosis

Answer 5

Haemolytic anaemia
CS - haemaglobinuria, pallor, weakness, dull, pyrexia, diarrhoea
Treatment - imidocarb dipronpropriate +/- blood transfusion
Multiple can be affected, seen in localized areas

Question 6

Postparturient haemaglobinuria

Answer 6

Haemolytic anaemia
CS - haemaglobinuria, pallor, weakness, dull, recent calving, lactating cow, hypophosphatemia
Treatment - phosphorus, blood transfusion if required

Question 7

Mycoplasma wenyonii

Answer 7

Regenerative IMHA
CS - haemoglobinuria, pallor, recent calving, hindlimb and udder/scrotal oedema
Antibiotics - oxytet/macrolides only, immunosuppressive steroids, blood transfusion.
Prognosis guarded

Question 8

What is regenerative vs non-regenerative anaemia

Answer 8

Regenerative - loss or destruction of obc
Non-regenerative - failure to produce RBC

Question 9

Causes of non-regenerative anaemia

Answer 9

Chronic pneumonia with abcessation
Chronic pyelonephritis
Endocarditis
Visceral abcessation

Question 10

Causes of regenerative

Answer 10

Abomasal ulcers
Lymphosarcoma
Caudal vena cava syndrome
Parasites - heavy louse burden, Eimeria bovis, blood parasite (babesia divergens), mycoplasma, liver fluke in sheep
Pyelonephritis
Rupture of uterine artery

Question 11

Babesia divergens

Answer 11

Haemolytic anaemia
Destruction of RBC
Haemuria most common sign
Blood transfusions
Treatment effecting
Spread by ticks

Question 12

What is always a differential if sudden death

Answer 12

Anthrax

Question 13

Common name for hypomagnesemia

Answer 13

Grass staggers

Question 14

3 causes of anaemia

Answer 14

Blood loss
Haemolysis
Lack of production

Question 15

What’s good for use as an emergency haemostat

Answer 15

Cobwebs (clean ones)

Question 16

Timeline for trauma

Answer 16

Normal blood count initial
Then anaemia and hypoproteinemia
Regeneration starts after a couple of days with macrocytosis, reticulocytosis and nucleated RBCS

Question 17

Haemolysis differentials

Answer 17

Primary - toxin ingestion
Secondary - babesia, IV injection of hyper/hypotonic solution, bacterial toxins, water intoxication

Question 18

Common toxins causing haemolysis

Answer 18

Sulphur from onions/brassicas
Nitrates/nitrites
Copper

Question 19

Signs of copper toxicity

Answer 19

Jaundice of skin and sclera
Black urine
Bronze colour liver
Gun metal colour kidneys
Anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, abdopain, weakness and death
Acute = dead
Chronic = organ changes

Question 20

Treatment of copper toxicity

Answer 20

Supportive of acute renal failure
Fluid therapy
trietine in humans - variable in sheep

Question 21

Water toxicity causes

Answer 21

Excess na ingestion with adequate water
Normal na ingestion with inadequate water
Consumption of high Na water
Administration of hypertonic oral electrolytes

Question 22

Pathophysiology of water toxicity

Answer 22

Dehydration= hypernatraemia leading to water movement extracellularly. Reintroduction of water causes rapid intracellular movement intravascular haemolysis and cerebral oedema

Question 23

Clinical signs of water toxicity

Answer 23

Thirst
Hyperthermia
Tachycardia
Muscle fasciculation
Rumen stasis
Diarrhoea
Mucoid faeces
Nasal discharge
Convulsions
Found dead

Question 24

Treatment of water toxicity

Answer 24

Restrict water intake to little and often
Corticosteroids to reduce oedematous
Frusemide
To prevent - maintain clean fresh water intake, anticipate intake changes with weather and ensure appropriate electrolytes are used as appropriate

Question 25

Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis

Answer 25

Most common cattle pericardial condition Ingested wire fragments irritate/enter the pericardium Causes cardiac tamponade, reduced output, progression to CHF Pain and BRD signs Typically milk drop, inappetence and non-specific illness

Question 26

Imaging for traumatic reticulo-pericarditis

Answer 26

Ultrasound - method of choice, rib space 3-5, perulent fluid in pericardial space Radiography - gas fluid interface, metal wire sometimes identifiable but not as useful as ultrasound

Question 27

Treatment and prognosis of traumatic reticulo-pericarditis

Answer 27

Early stages - magnet in stomach, broad spec antibiotics Late - prognosis poor to hopeless, euthanasia, Prevention - magnet and feed management

Question 28

Bacterial endocarditis

Answer 28

Linked with chronic bacterial infections somewhere else Truperella pyogenes possible Adhesions of endothelium Predilection at tricuspid and mitral valves

Question 29

Clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis

Answer 29

Murmur +/- palpable thrill Persistent tachycardia I'll thrift Milk drop Inflammation - leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinemia Neutrophilia Non-regenerative anaemia Elevated liver enzymes

Question 30

Treatment/prognosis of endocarditis

Answer 30

Long term antibiotics (3 weeks) penicillin/amoxicillin Furosemide Analgesia Guarded prognosis

Question 31

VSD

Answer 31

Left to right shunting Obvious pansystolic murmur Higher grade = smaller defect

Question 32

Congenital abnormalities

Answer 32

Multiple defects = tetralogy of Fallot = VSD, pulmonary stenosis, r ventricular hypertrophy, over riding aorta ASD - uncommon Ectopica cordia - heart beat visible in neck very rare

Question 33

Hyperkalemia

Answer 33

Causes bradyarrhythmias Severe acute diarrhoea Urinary obstruction

Question 34

White muscle disease

Answer 34

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency Myocardial damage Cardiac signs vary

Question 35

Top differential for sudden bilateral epistaxis

Answer 35

Caudal vena cava syndrome

Question 36

Cause of CVCS

Answer 36

Abscesses from liver erode into CVC Abscesses occur in lung

Question 37

Causes of acute haemorrhage in cattle

Answer 37

Trauma Neoplasia Toxins - bracken Fern toxicity Thromboembolus BVD Pancytopenia Inherited bovine thrombopathia (simmetal)