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Year 4 farm > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What viral respiratory diseases do pigs get

A

PRRS
SIV
PCV-2

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2
Q

How can you collect oral fluids for sampling in piglets

A

Hang ropes in the pen

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3
Q

Where is pleural pneumonia distributed on PM

A

Across the body of the long

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4
Q

Lungworm key points

A

Can survive winter on pasture
Animals can have low level infection over winter

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5
Q

How does fungi affect lungworm

A

Allows L3 larvae to spread/move
Takes up L3 into Pilobolus species which are eaten by cows

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6
Q

How does lungworm spread

A

Fomites
Fungi

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7
Q

When to lungworm clinical signs show

A

Late summer into Autumn/winter
Worms have a 3-4 week PPP once ingested

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8
Q

Pathology/lifecycle of lungworm

A

Larvae ingested, activated by bile, transverse through SI wall, into lymphatics, into thoracic duct and lungs taking 7 days.
Mature to adult over 3-4 weeks in lungs
Migration causes lots of inflammation, mucous and debris

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9
Q

Clinical signs of lungworm

A

Mild - intermittent cough
Moderate - frequent coughing at rest, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea. Squeaks and crackles over posterior lung loves
Severe - tachypnoea and dyspnoea - air hunger. Sudden death in 24-48 hours possible as lungs clogged with inflammation/debris/worms

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10
Q

Immune response to lungworm summary

A

Penetration - larvae enter body and migrate to lungs
Pre-patent - larvae develop in lungs
Patent - worms are mature and produce eggs
Post-patent - recovery phase with worms expelled

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11
Q

Diagnosis of lungworm

A

Baseman’s - L1 in faeces, normally when looking cows are coughing
Tracheal wash/BAL - adult worms visible for earlier diagnosis
Elisa for antibody - continues to rise if still exposed. Slow and expensive

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12
Q

Treatment for lungworm

A

Moxidectin/Doramectin acts for 6 weeks
- best as will stay clear
Eprinomectin/ivermectin acts for 4
Albendazole/fenbendazole, levimasole for a day

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13
Q

Vaccination for lungworm

A

Vaccination calves over 8 weeks twice, 4 weeks apart (only on pasture 2 weeks after)
For optimal protection need low grade exposure to D. Viviparous to creat immune response
Vaccination cost about 20 treatments

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14
Q

Strategic lungworm control

A

Minimize pasture contamination
Ensure cover for first time grazers until at least july
First treatment must be within 3 weeks of turnout
Treatment at housing removes adults, larvae and inhibited
Targeted selective treatment not appropriate as will get sick animals

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15
Q

Definition of pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs

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16
Q

Definition of BRD

A

Bovine respiratory disease - general term for cattle respiratory diseases

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17
Q

Definition of husk

A

Cattle lungworm D. viviparous

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18
Q

What pathogen causes IBR

A

Bovine herpes virus 1

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19
Q

Epidemiology of IBR

A

Spread by aerosol with incubation of 10-20 days
Once infected infected for life

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20
Q

Clinical syndrome of IBR

A

Respiratory diseases most common
Cattle over 6 months predisposed, worse 6-24m
Mild disease - conjunctivitis, epiphora and mild strain
Sub acute disease - milk drop, pyrexia, nasal discharge, hyperpnoea
Acute - marked pyrexia, secondary infection, purulent discharge and conjunctivitis
Peracute - very high fever and death in 24h, black sticky trachea on PM, abortion, genital lesions

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21
Q

Diagnosis of IBR

A

History and clinical signs
Individual animal testing
- nasal/conjunctival swabs
- paired blood samples
Dairy - bulk milk antibody

22
Q

Control/eradication of IBR

A

Do nothing
Vaccinate - lots of different protocols
- conventional and marker available
Accreditation/eradication/vaccination schemes
- accredited free, vaccinated monitored free, eradication

23
Q

Difference between Live/inactivated IBR vaccines

A

Live
- rapid protection especially intranasal
Inactivated
- reduces shedding in latent infection

24
Q

Control measures for disease spread

A

Avoid buying in stock
Double fenced boundaries

25
Q

Aetiology of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Caused by OvHV-2 which sheep carry without disease

26
Q

Epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Sporadic disease
Transmission by aerosol, direct contact or contaminated feed/water/bedding

27
Q

Clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Pyrexia
Large lymph nodes
Mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
Corneal opacity
Oral/nasal mucosa

28
Q

Treatment/control of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Euthanasia
Almost always fatal and no licensed vaccine or treatment

29
Q

How does tb spread

A

Cattle to cattle/calf
From infected badgers
From other wildlife
From contaminated slurry

30
Q

Clinical signs of TB

A

Testing normally prevents signs ever being seen
Soft productive cough
Weight loss
Lymph node enlargement
ZOONOTIC

31
Q

TB testing

A

SICCT - 2 injections, avian/bovine. Interpreted as clear, inconclusive, reactor. 99.98 specific, 50-80 sensitive
Bloods - IFN gamma test, antibody test
PME - 60% of skin test reactors don’t have visible lesions on PM

32
Q

TB vaccination

A

Cattle - protects cattle but makes them react to testing. DIVA test requires for testing to be valid with vaccination
Badgers - reduces lesions and shedding have to trap badgers

33
Q

Aetiology/epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

A

Caused by mycoplasma mycoides. Widespread in Africa, not present in UK
Aerosol transmission, poor environmental survival.

34
Q

Clinical signs and control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

A

Pyrexia, increased respiratory rate/effort and weightloss, polyarthritis in calves
Control - notifiable in England

35
Q

Mycoplasma bovis

A

Plays a role in lots of cattle diseases. Can be present in healthy respiratory tract
CS - chronic pneumonia, head tilt, ear drop, head shake, arthritis, mastitis
Diagnosis - serology/PM
Transmission via contact or fomites
No available vaccine and emerging resistance

36
Q

Mannheimia haemolytic, pasteurella multiocida

A

Gram negative, aerobic
Commensal of URT, several serotypes
M.h - primary or secondary, tends to be severe
P.m - calves, secondary, less severe

37
Q

What is fog fever

A

Acute pulmonary oedema and emphysema
Typically when moving from sparse to lush pasture - L-tryptophan converted to 3-methylindole which is neurotoxic
High mortality, respiratory distress (no cough/pyrexia)
Slow transition onto lush pasture helps prevent
Diagnose on PM

38
Q

Maedi visna

A

Retrovirus - long incubation
Chronic wasting disorder, labored breathing, reduced fertility and productivity, mastitis, swollen joint/lameness
Diagnosis by blood, no vaccine
Source from accredited flocks keep biosecurity high

39
Q

Ovine pulmonary oedema

A

Beta retrovirus replacing normal tissue with tumours
High levels of white foaming liquid
Transmission through aerosol/milk
CS- weightloss, laboured breathing, increased RR, cough/nasal discharge, sudden death
Scan and cull, PM sudden deaths
No immune response

40
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis

A

Bacterial infection. - spreads from wounds to lymph nodes
Green pus, abscesses multiply, release endotoxin, damage cell membrane
Transmission - aerosol if lungs, infected pus, new contact
Incubation 42d-4 months
CS - lumps on face/neck, abcessation, mastitis, lymph node enlargement
Diagnosis - bacteriology from abscesses

41
Q

Laryngeal chondritis

A

Acute upper airway obstruction 18-24m more common in rams, beltex/texel/Southdown
Short thick necks, high concentrate feed
Lesions of arytenoid cartilage
CS - severe dyspnoea, laryngeal stridor, fatal
Treatment - dexamethasone antibiotics
- emergency tracheostomy
Prospects poor, reoccurrence likely

42
Q

BRD viruses

A

IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
PI3 - parainfluenza virus
RSV - respiratory syncytial virus
Coronavirus

43
Q

BRD bacteria

A

Mycoplasma
Pasteurella

44
Q

IBR

A

2-20 day incubation
Pathology - tracheitis +/- ocular discharge, harsh URT sounds, pyrexia, impact on yield/fertility
Transmission - respiratory, semen, aborted fetuses, sheep and goats

45
Q

RSV

A

2-5 day incubation
Pathology - necrotizing bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia. Emphysematous lesions in caudalobes

46
Q

PI3

A

Highly contagious
Increased in stressed
Infects ciliated epithelium, alveolar epithelium and macrophages

47
Q

Uses of thoracic ultrasound in BRD

A

Increasing reliability of diagnosis
Good for assessing recovery
Can detect early disease stages
Can rule out chronic in cases of power growth rate and I’ll thrift

48
Q

Treatment of BRD

A

Nsaids
Antibiotics
Electrolytes?
TLC

49
Q

Detection of BRD

A

Pyrexia first
Then nasal/Ocular discharge
Then cough

50
Q

Diagnosis of BRD

A

Pathogen detection
Lung pathology
Clinical signs
Epidemiology

51
Q

Key points of mycoplasma bovis

A

Haematogenous spread
Intracellular pathogen
Biofilm contributes to bacterial survival
Transmitted through aerosols
Shed into milk
Can have asymptomatic carriers

Year 4 farm (13 decks)

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