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Year 4 farm > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What viral respiratory diseases do pigs get

A

PRRS
SIV
PCV-2

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2
Q

How can you collect oral fluids for sampling in piglets

A

Hang ropes in the pen

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3
Q

Where is pleural pneumonia distributed on PM

A

Across the body of the long

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4
Q

Lungworm key points

A

Can survive winter on pasture
Animals can have low level infection over winter

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5
Q

How does fungi affect lungworm

A

Allows L3 larvae to spread/move
Takes up L3 into Pilobolus species which are eaten by cows

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6
Q

How does lungworm spread

A

Fomites
Fungi

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7
Q

When to lungworm clinical signs show

A

Late summer into Autumn/winter
Worms have a 3-4 week PPP once ingested

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8
Q

Pathology/lifecycle of lungworm

A

Larvae ingested, activated by bile, transverse through SI wall, into lymphatics, into thoracic duct and lungs taking 7 days.
Mature to adult over 3-4 weeks in lungs
Migration causes lots of inflammation, mucous and debris

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9
Q

Clinical signs of lungworm

A

Mild - intermittent cough
Moderate - frequent coughing at rest, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea. Squeaks and crackles over posterior lung loves
Severe - tachypnoea and dyspnoea - air hunger. Sudden death in 24-48 hours possible as lungs clogged with inflammation/debris/worms

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10
Q

Immune response to lungworm summary

A

Penetration - larvae enter body and migrate to lungs
Pre-patent - larvae develop in lungs
Patent - worms are mature and produce eggs
Post-patent - recovery phase with worms expelled

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11
Q

Diagnosis of lungworm

A

Baseman’s - L1 in faeces, normally when looking cows are coughing
Tracheal wash/BAL - adult worms visible for earlier diagnosis
Elisa for antibody - continues to rise if still exposed. Slow and expensive

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12
Q

Treatment for lungworm

A

Moxidectin/Doramectin acts for 6 weeks
- best as will stay clear
Eprinomectin/ivermectin acts for 4
Albendazole/fenbendazole, levimasole for a day

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13
Q

Vaccination for lungworm

A

Vaccination calves over 8 weeks twice, 4 weeks apart (only on pasture 2 weeks after)
For optimal protection need low grade exposure to D. Viviparous to creat immune response
Vaccination cost about 20 treatments

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14
Q

Strategic lungworm control

A

Minimize pasture contamination
Ensure cover for first time grazers until at least july
First treatment must be within 3 weeks of turnout
Treatment at housing removes adults, larvae and inhibited
Targeted selective treatment not appropriate as will get sick animals

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15
Q

Definition of pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs

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16
Q

Definition of BRD

A

Bovine respiratory disease - general term for cattle respiratory diseases

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17
Q

Definition of husk

A

Cattle lungworm D. viviparous

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18
Q

What pathogen causes IBR

A

Bovine herpes virus 1

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19
Q

Epidemiology of IBR

A

Spread by aerosol with incubation of 10-20 days
Once infected infected for life

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20
Q

Clinical syndrome of IBR

A

Respiratory diseases most common
Cattle over 6 months predisposed, worse 6-24m
Mild disease - conjunctivitis, epiphora and mild strain
Sub acute disease - milk drop, pyrexia, nasal discharge, hyperpnoea
Acute - marked pyrexia, secondary infection, purulent discharge and conjunctivitis
Peracute - very high fever and death in 24h, black sticky trachea on PM, abortion, genital lesions

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21
Q

Diagnosis of IBR

Study These Flashcards
A

History and clinical signs
Individual animal testing
- nasal/conjunctival swabs
- paired blood samples
Dairy - bulk milk antibody

22
Q

Control/eradication of IBR

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A

Do nothing
Vaccinate - lots of different protocols
- conventional and marker available
Accreditation/eradication/vaccination schemes
- accredited free, vaccinated monitored free, eradication

23
Q

Difference between Live/inactivated IBR vaccines

Study These Flashcards
A

Live
- rapid protection especially intranasal
Inactivated
- reduces shedding in latent infection

24
Q

Control measures for disease spread

Study These Flashcards
A

Avoid buying in stock
Double fenced boundaries

25
Aetiology of malignant catarrhal fever
Caused by OvHV-2 which sheep carry without disease
26
Epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever
Sporadic disease Transmission by aerosol, direct contact or contaminated feed/water/bedding
27
Clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever
Pyrexia Large lymph nodes Mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge Corneal opacity Oral/nasal mucosa
28
Treatment/control of malignant catarrhal fever
Euthanasia Almost always fatal and no licensed vaccine or treatment
29
How does tb spread
Cattle to cattle/calf From infected badgers From other wildlife From contaminated slurry
30
Clinical signs of TB
Testing normally prevents signs ever being seen Soft productive cough Weight loss Lymph node enlargement ZOONOTIC
31
TB testing
SICCT - 2 injections, avian/bovine. Interpreted as clear, inconclusive, reactor. 99.98 specific, 50-80 sensitive Bloods - IFN gamma test, antibody test PME - 60% of skin test reactors don't have visible lesions on PM
32
TB vaccination
Cattle - protects cattle but makes them react to testing. DIVA test requires for testing to be valid with vaccination Badgers - reduces lesions and shedding have to trap badgers
33
Aetiology/epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Caused by mycoplasma mycoides. Widespread in Africa, not present in UK Aerosol transmission, poor environmental survival.
34
Clinical signs and control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Pyrexia, increased respiratory rate/effort and weightloss, polyarthritis in calves Control - notifiable in England
35
Mycoplasma bovis
Plays a role in lots of cattle diseases. Can be present in healthy respiratory tract CS - chronic pneumonia, head tilt, ear drop, head shake, arthritis, mastitis Diagnosis - serology/PM Transmission via contact or fomites No available vaccine and emerging resistance
36
Mannheimia haemolytic, pasteurella multiocida
Gram negative, aerobic Commensal of URT, several serotypes M.h - primary or secondary, tends to be severe P.m - calves, secondary, less severe
37
What is fog fever
Acute pulmonary oedema and emphysema Typically when moving from sparse to lush pasture - L-tryptophan converted to 3-methylindole which is neurotoxic High mortality, respiratory distress (no cough/pyrexia) Slow transition onto lush pasture helps prevent Diagnose on PM
38
Maedi visna
Retrovirus - long incubation Chronic wasting disorder, labored breathing, reduced fertility and productivity, mastitis, swollen joint/lameness Diagnosis by blood, no vaccine Source from accredited flocks keep biosecurity high
39
Ovine pulmonary oedema
Beta retrovirus replacing normal tissue with tumours High levels of white foaming liquid Transmission through aerosol/milk CS- weightloss, laboured breathing, increased RR, cough/nasal discharge, sudden death Scan and cull, PM sudden deaths No immune response
40
Caseous lymphadenitis
Bacterial infection. - spreads from wounds to lymph nodes Green pus, abscesses multiply, release endotoxin, damage cell membrane Transmission - aerosol if lungs, infected pus, new contact Incubation 42d-4 months CS - lumps on face/neck, abcessation, mastitis, lymph node enlargement Diagnosis - bacteriology from abscesses
41
Laryngeal chondritis
Acute upper airway obstruction 18-24m more common in rams, beltex/texel/Southdown Short thick necks, high concentrate feed Lesions of arytenoid cartilage CS - severe dyspnoea, laryngeal stridor, fatal Treatment - dexamethasone antibiotics - emergency tracheostomy Prospects poor, reoccurrence likely
42
BRD viruses
IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis PI3 - parainfluenza virus RSV - respiratory syncytial virus Coronavirus
43
BRD bacteria
Mycoplasma Pasteurella
44
IBR
2-20 day incubation Pathology - tracheitis +/- ocular discharge, harsh URT sounds, pyrexia, impact on yield/fertility Transmission - respiratory, semen, aborted fetuses, sheep and goats
45
RSV
2-5 day incubation Pathology - necrotizing bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia. Emphysematous lesions in caudalobes
46
PI3
Highly contagious Increased in stressed Infects ciliated epithelium, alveolar epithelium and macrophages
47
Uses of thoracic ultrasound in BRD
Increasing reliability of diagnosis Good for assessing recovery Can detect early disease stages Can rule out chronic in cases of power growth rate and I'll thrift
48
Treatment of BRD
Nsaids Antibiotics Electrolytes? TLC
49
Detection of BRD
Pyrexia first Then nasal/Ocular discharge Then cough
50
Diagnosis of BRD
Pathogen detection Lung pathology Clinical signs Epidemiology
51
Key points of mycoplasma bovis
Haematogenous spread Intracellular pathogen Biofilm contributes to bacterial survival Transmitted through aerosols Shed into milk Can have asymptomatic carriers

Year 4 farm (13 decks)

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