cardiac defects in babies Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the frequency of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in live births?
6 to 8 cases in 1000 live births
CHDs are a leading cause of neonatal morbidity.
What are the primary causes of congenital heart defects?
Single-gene mechanisms, chromosomal mechanisms, teratogen exposure, multifactorial inheritance
Teratogens include agents like the rubella virus.
At what week can fetal congenital heart defects (CHDs) be detected using real-time, three-dimensional echocardiography?
16th week
What is dextrocardia?
The heart is displaced to the right due to leftward bending of the embryonic heart tube
Dextrocardia is the most frequent positional defect of the heart.
What is the incidence of accompanying cardiac defects in dextrocardia with situs inversus?
Low
What complications are associated with isolated dextrocardia?
Severe cardiac defects such as single ventricle and transposition of the great vessels
What characterizes ectopia cordis?
The heart is in an abnormal location, partly or completely exposed on the thorax
Most cases lead to death during the early neonatal period.
What is the most common cause of thoracic ectopia cordis?
Faulty development of the sternum and pericardium
What are atrial septal defects (ASDs) more frequent in?
Females
What is the most common form of ASD?
Patent oval foramen
What percentage of people have a probe-patent oval foramen?
Up to 25%
What are the four clinically significant types of ASD?
- Ostium secundum defect
- Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect
- Sinus venosus defect
- Common atrium
What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
Membranous part of the IV septum
What percentage of congenital heart defects do VSDs account for?
Approximately 25%
What is persistent truncus arteriosus (TA)?
Failure of truncal ridges and aorticopulmonary septum to develop normally
Results in a single arterial trunk supplying systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations.
What characterizes transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
Aorta lies anterior and to the right of the pulmonary trunk, arising from the morphologic right ventricle
What is unequal division of the truncus arteriosus?
Partitioning of the TA is unequal, producing one large great artery and one small one
A VSD results due to misalignment.
What are the two types of pulmonary valve stenosis?
- Fused cusps forming a dome
- Underdeveloped conus arteriosus
What are the four defects comprising tetralogy of Fallot?
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Ventricular septal defect
- Dextroposition of the aorta
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
What is aortic valve stenosis?
Edges of the valve are usually fused with a narrow opening
May be present at birth or develop later.
What is aortic atresia?
Complete obstruction of the aorta or its valve
Fill in the blank: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur more frequently in _______.
males
True or False: Many isolated atrial septal defects (ASDs) close within the first year of life.
True
