Cardiac Embryology

Question 1

Where does the primitive heart lie before lateral folding?

Answer 1

More cranially at the cardiogenic region

Question 2

Angiogenic cell clusters form which 2 tubes?

Answer 2

Dorsal aortae

Endocardial

Question 3

Which tubes are more lateral, and which are more medial?

Answer 3

Endocardial- lateral

Dorsal aortae- medial

Question 4

What do the endocardial tubes form?

Answer 4

Fuse at ventral midline to form primary heart tube

Question 5

What comprises the primary heart tube?

Answer 5

Endocardial tubes

Question 6

Where does the dorsal aortae come from?

Answer 6

Angiogenic cell clusters

Question 7

Where do endocardial tubes come from?

Answer 7

Angiogenic cell clusters

Question 8

What does the process of lateral folding form?

Answer 8

Structures of the heart

Question 9

What does the process of longitudinal folding form?

Answer 9

Placement of heart structures

Question 10

Before longitudinal folding, where is the heart relative to the septum transversum?

Answer 10

Caudal

Question 11

Where does the heart lie in relation to the septum transversum after longitudinal folding?

Answer 11

Cranial

Question 12

Where is the heart in relation to the pericardial cavity?

Answer 12

Dorsal

Question 13

Where does the blood flow in to the heart tube?

Answer 13

Sinus venosus at caudal end

Question 14

Where does blood flow out of the heart tube?

Answer 14

Bulbus cordosis through 1st aortic arch at cranial end

Question 15

What are the regions of the heart tube from caudal to cranial?

Answer 15

Sinus venosus –> atrium –> AV sulcus –> ventricle –> interventricular sulcus –> bulbus cordosis –>1st aortic arch

Question 16

What is cardiac looping?

Answer 16

Cranial and caudal ends are stuck to pericardial cavity so heart has to bend and twist to get ventricles inferior to atria

Question 17

When does the transverse cardiac sinus form?

Answer 17

During cardiac looping

Question 18

What does the transverse cardiac sinus do?

Answer 18

Separates inflow and outflow

Question 19

What does the transverse cardiac sinus form?

Answer 19

Transverse pericardial sinus

Question 20

What does the bulbus cordosis form?

Answer 20

Right ventricle

Question 21

Where does the right ventricle come from?

Answer 21

Bulbus cordosis

Question 22

What causes the AV canal to shift right?

Answer 22

Bulbus cordosis expands

Question 23

What do neural crest cells form?

Answer 23

Endocardial cushions

Question 24

Where do endocardial cushions come from?

Answer 24

Neural crest cells

Question 25

What separates the AV canal into right and left?

Answer 25

Endocardial cushions

Question 26

What initially starts separation of atria?

Answer 26

Septum primum

Question 27

Where does the ostium primum form?

Answer 27

Within the septum primum

Question 28

True or False: the septum primum fully closes and ostium primum disappears.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What does the septum primum fuse with?

Answer 29

Endocardial cushions

Question 30

Where does the ostium secundum form?

Answer 30

Top of septum primum

Question 31

Where does the septum secundum form?

Answer 31

Right of the septum primum

Question 32

True or False: the septum secundum fully closes like the septum primum.

Answer 32

False. Septum secundum never fully closes and foramen ovale forms

Question 33

Where does the foramen ovale form?

Answer 33

Septum secundum

Question 34

How does blood flow between atria in fetal heart?

Answer 34

Through foramen ovale and ostium secundum

Question 35

What two structures form the division between the atria?

Answer 35

Septum primum and septum secundum

Question 36

What structure separates the ventricles?

Answer 36

Interventricular septum

Question 37

How does the muscular interventricular septum form?

Answer 37

Grows UP from floor and meets endocardial cushions

Question 38

How does the membranous interventricular septum form?

Answer 38

Endocardial cushions grow and aorticopulmonary septum grows DOWN

Question 39

Where do the right and left truncoconal ridges arise from?

Answer 39

Walls of conus cordis and truncus arteriosus

Question 40

What divides the outflow tract?

Answer 40

Aorticopulmonary septum

Question 41

What does the aorticopulmonary septum formed from?

Answer 41

Right and left truncoconal ridges meet in midline and fuse with endocardial cushions and muscular interventricular septum

Question 42

The pulmonary trunk sits where compared to aorta?

Answer 42

Anterior and to the left of the aorta

Question 43

What does the ductus arteriosus connect?

Answer 43

Umbilical vein to IVC (bypass liver)

Question 44

What does the umbilical vein form?

Answer 44

Ligamentum teres hepatis

Question 45

What does the umbilical arteries form?

Answer 45

Medial umbilical ligaments

Question 46

Heart forms from the?

Answer 46

Visceral lateral plate mesoderm