Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

.systems based core clinical specialties > Cardiac Physical Exam > Flashcards

Cardiac Physical Exam Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Valves during systole and diastole

A

Semilunar (aortic and pulm): open @ systole, closed @ diastole
AV (mitral and tricuspid): closed @ systole, open @ diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pressures in the aorta

A

100-140/ 60-90
systole @ the top, diastole @ bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pressures in the right atrium and ventricle

A

RA: 2-8
RV: 15-30/ 2-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pressures of the pulmonary artery

A

15-30/ 4-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pressures in the left atrium and ventricle

A

LA: 2-10
LV: 100-140/ 3-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What drives BP?

A

Pressure gradient differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physical Exam

A

Most important dx tool:
Observation, retention of fluid, jug venous evaluation, eval of mm, systemic arterial pulse, thoracic auscultation (cardiac and pulm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Great dane
Doberman
Portugese water dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to chronic degenerative valve disease?

A

Cavalier King charles spaniel, Daschund

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to tricuspid valve dysplasia?

A

Labs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to arrhythomogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?

A

Boxer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to patent ducts arteriosis?

A

Poodle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to subvalvular aortic stenosis?

A

Newfoundland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to pulmonic stenosis?

A

Beagle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common CS of cardiac disease in dogs and cats

A

Coughing, dyspnea/ tachypnea, syncope (fainting), cyanosis, lethargy, exercise intolerance**, abdominal distention fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Best initial indicator of left side CHF in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Orthopnea

A

Abnormal physical posture that maximizes intake of oxygen
Animals in sitting or standing position with elbows abducted and neck extended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Coughing

A

Common sign of LCHF in dogs
Heartworm disease, pulmonary hypertension, heart base tumor, collapsing trachea, bronchial compression, pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Most common reasons dogs cough from cardiac disease

A

Severe left atrial dilation causing compression of the left caudal mainstem bronchus (hacking cough ending with terminal retch)
Pulmonary edema (LCHF)- softer cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Moderate signs of cardiac heart disease in horses

A

Tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea following exercise, abnormal arterial pulses, jugular distension/ pulses, dependent edema (pitting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is dependent edema found in horses?

A

Vetral midline, pectorals, prepuce or distal limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mild signs of cardiac disease in horses

A

No CS
Reduced performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Abdominal distension (with fluid)

A

Ascites- severe causes push on diaphragm and impeded breathing
Right sided CHF (↑ pressure on the vena cava then to jug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_______________ is uncommon in dogs and cats and almost always due to RCHF

A

Peripheral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cardiac cachexia
Severe WL with adequate food intake Uncommon complication of end stage cardiac disease Elevation of resting metabolic rate and circulatory concentration of inflamm cytokines and impairment to intestinal absorption
26
Signs of severe cardiac disease in horses
Coll extremities, WL, reduced capillary refill time, cough, dyspnea @ rest, pulmonary edema (ruptured chordae tendinae) and collapse
27
Pale mm
↓ perfusion from low cardiac output and vasoconstriction
28
Cyanotic (blue)
Desaturated Hb Dx: respiratory disease, pulm. edema, pleural effusion, R-to-L cardiac shunt, pulm. hypertension
29
Trachea and thyroid glands (PE)
Thyroid slip in cats (abnormal) Paroxysms of coughing (abnormal)- tracheal collapse, bronchitis, LCHF
30
Jugular veins (PE)
Evaluate when standing Distended or pulsation greater than 1/3 up the neck= elevated right atrial pressure
31
Estimation of right ventricular filling pressures
Dog and cat: distension not exceeding point of shoulder Horse: should not exceed 1/3 distance of neck when head in normal position
32
Cannon a-wave
Abnormal jugular pulsation Large and common with 3 AV block Severely elevated RV pressures
33
CV-wave
Abnormal jugular pulsation Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation
34
T/F: in the horse the carotid pulse can be referred through the jugular vein
TRUE
35
Testing for jugular distension in the horse
Occlude vein proximally, empty toward heart Refill: abnormal
36
Jugular vein should be ___________ for distension or pulsation
Elevated
37
Jugular pulse and distension in a cow
Standing cow, head parallel to the ground Pulsation shouldn't be observed beyond the lower 1/3 of the jugular groove
38
Muffled/ dull lung sounds (thorax)
Fluid in pleural space Fluid line auscultated: normal lung above fluid line and dull below fluid line
39
Crackles
Short, crepitations made by the opening of small airways collapsed by fluid Pulmonary edema, bronchitis
40
__________ and _________ may occur secondary to RCHF
Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
41
Systemic Arterial pulse
Assessment of left ventricular function Dog/ cat: femoral or digital artery Horse and cow: facial or digital artery Pulse pressure difference: systolic minus diastolic
42
Femoral arterial pulses
Unilateral: peripheral disease (aortic thromboembolism-blood clot) Pulse deficits: Heartbeat auscultated with no assoc pressure (arrhythmia) Rhythm: reg, irreg or eratic
43
Equine arterial pulse
Palpated @ facial, transverse facial, coccygeal, dorsal metatarsal or digital artery
44
Bovine pulse eval
Middle coccygeal artery
45
Femoral arterial pulses infleucned by
Pulse pressure: diff between systolic and diastolic (larger= strong pulse) Rate of pressure rise from diastolic to peak systolic pressure
46
Hyperkinetic femoral arterial pulses
Stronger than normal Pulse peaks early in systole →fever, hyperthyroidism sepsis Large pulse pressure → aortic insufficiency, patent ductus arteriosus
47
Hypokinetic femoral arterial pulses
Weaker than normal Low systolic press with normal diastolic pressure → heart failure and dehydration Pulse peaks in in late systole → aortic stenosis
48
Caudal (PE)
Evaluate posterior mm Vulva or penis
49
Cardiac sounds
Vibrations from blood or other cardiac structures S1, S2: normal S3, S4, clicks, snaps and murmurs - abnormal
50
S1 heart sounds (lub)
AV valve closure Marks the beginning of systole Loud, long and lower than S2 Loudest @ left apex, high frequency
51
S2 heart sounds (dup)
Semilunar valve End of systole Higher pitched than S1 lub Loudest @ left base
52
S3 heart sounds
Occurs during rapid ventricular filling Early diastole Audible with fibrotic, non-complaint, severely dilated ventricle
53
S4 heart sounds
Occurs during atrial contraction Late diastole Audible when atria force blood into a full, non-complaint, thick walled ventricle
54
Stethoscope
Diaphragm: high frequency sounds (S1 and S2) Bell: low frequency sounds (S3 and S4)
55
Cardiac auscultation
Palpate the precodridum (locate the apical beat @ the 5th ICS, L, mitral valve)
56
When is the apical beat in an abnormal locations
Thoracic mass Cardiomegaly
57
Feel a thrill
Vibrations felt over the heart Turbulent blood flow (water flowing through a hose) Loud murmur
58
Areas of cardiac auscultation for a dog
Mitral area: L 5 ICS @ CCJ Aortic area: L 4 ICS @ CCJ Pulmonic area: L 2-4 ICS @ left sternal border Tricuspid area: R 3-5 ICS near CCJ
59
Areas of cardiac auscultation for a cat
Auscultate ventrally @ the left and right parasternum Using light pressure (too much= murmur)
60
Left valve location for a horse
Pulmonic: 3rd ICS below point of shoulder Aortic: 4th ICS @ point of shoulder Mitral: 5th ICS @ level of olecranon process
61
Right valve location for a horse
Tricuspid: 3rd and 4th ICS @ or slightly above olecranon process
62
Bovine auscultation
Ventral position on the thorax between 3rd and 6th ribs Placed cranial in the axilla heart sounds louder on the left
63
Valve location for a bovine auscultation
Pulmonic: 3rd ICS L Aortic: 4th ICS L Mitral: 5th ICS L Tricuspid: 3rd ICS R
64
Abnormal heart sounds in a horse
Gallop sounds: S3 or S4 (low frequency)
65
Split heart sounds
Split S1, Av valves don't close synchronously (rare) Split S2: Semilunar valves don't close synchronously (most common, pulm. hypertension)
66
Murmurs
Murmur only an abnormal PE finding NOT a dx Caused by turbulent blood flow (speed and vicosity of blood)
67
3 descriptors required if a mumur is auscultated
1. Intensity* 2. Timing 3. Location*
68
Systolic murmurs
Holosystolic and panseytolic Crescendo-decrescendo
68
Heat murmurs
1: soft heart sounds 2: softer than normal heart sounds 3: same as heart sounds 4: Louder than heart sounds 5: Very loud, thrill 6: Very loud, thrill, hear without stethoscope
69
Point of maximum intensity (PMI)
Dog: left apex and left base Cat: left and right parasternal
70
Innocent murmur
Occurs with no pathology Common in young animals (puppy murmur) Disappear by 16 weeks
71
Physiologic murmur
Not due to structural heart disease Secondary to ↑ cardiac output or reduced blood viscosity (anemia, pregnancy, fever, hyperthyroidism)

.systems based core clinical specialties (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions