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.systems based core clinical specialties > SA Dermatology Dz/ Allergies > Flashcards

SA Dermatology Dz/ Allergies Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Ctenocephalides felis (flea)

A

Hypersensitivity to flea salivary Ags
Seasonal (warm)

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2
Q

CS of Ctenocephalides felis (flea)

A

Pruritus, crust, alopecia, erythema, papules
Found on dorsal lumbar area/ caudomedial thighs

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3
Q

Miliary dermatitis (cats)

A

Life cycle (14d): egg →larvae (3 stages) →pupae (most resistant)→ adult
#1 cause of flea allergy in cats

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4
Q

Dx of flea allergies

A

CS/ Lesions/ presence of fleas
Response to therapy
Allergy testing (Intradermal skin test)
Eosinophilia

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5
Q

Therapy to eradicate fleas

A

Activly (topical, Indoxacarb)
Nexguard (oral, afoxolaner)
Bravecto (oral, fluralaner)
Simparica (oral, sarolaner)
Credelio (oral, lotilaner)

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6
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A

Genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin dz, clinical features associated with IgE directed against environmental allergens

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7
Q

Atopic-like dermatitis

A

Patients with clinical features of atopic dermatitis and no detectable IgE

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8
Q

Atopy

A

Inherited type 1 hypersensitivity
Pruritic face, feet, Axillary, groin
6m-3y

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9
Q

Atopy pathogenesis

A

Mediated by IgE → attaches to mast cell in epidermis → Ag cross links IgE → causes degranulation

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10
Q

Atopy dx

A

History, PE findings
IDST (doesn’t confirm Atopy) and serum allergy testing

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11
Q

Therapy for Atopy

A

Antihistamines, fatty acids, topical anti-itch meds, steroids (if responsive), immunotherapy, avoid allergens, to secondary infections, cyclosporine, oclacitinib, cytopoint

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12
Q

Apoquel (oclactinib)

A

Control of acute and chronic pruritus, flea, food, Atopy and contact allergy
Inhibits the IL-31
Itch relief within 4 hrs

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13
Q

IL-31

A

Mediator of itch
Key cytokine associated with atopic dermatitis, sending the itch signal to the brain

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14
Q

When shouldn’t apoquel be used?

A

Dogs under 12m
Breeding, pregnant or lactating dogs

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15
Q

Side effects of apoquel

A

V/D
May worsen parasitic infections and cancers

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16
Q

Cytopoint (Lokivetmab)

A

Injectable monoclonal Ab designed for dogs
Targets and neutralizes IL-31
SC injection for 4-6w

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17
Q

Food allergies

A

Dx with food elimination diet: 8 weeks of cleansing pets system with novel protein, then individual diet challenge
Tx: avoidance

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18
Q

CS of food allergies

A

Dogs: generalized pruritus, ears, rears and paws
Cats: Facial pruritus, miliary derm and EGC

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19
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity rx
Hairless areas of contact
Pruritic, papular eruption
Dx: patch test and change environ.

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20
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis causes

A

Wandering jew
Commelinceae spp. (spreading day flower) → poison ivy for dogs

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21
Q

Minimal data base for skin infections

A

Skin scraping (parasites)
Skin cytology (secondary bacterial infections)
Ear cytology (fungal growth)
+/- fungal for cx (ring worm)→ always for cats!!

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22
Q

Bacterial pyoderma (secondary bacterial infection)

A

S. psuedintermedius common in dogs
Mild to severe pruritus, pustule

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23
Q

Bacterial pyoderma dx

A

CS, cytology, cx and sensitivity, histopath

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24
Q

Tx for bacterial pyoderma

A

Abx: cephalexin, cefpodoxime, clavamox, clindamycin, SMZ-TMP, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin
Abx shampoos, sprays, creams and wipes

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25
Surface pyoderma
Pytotraumatic dermatitis (hot spot, fleas common source) Skin fold pyoderma (brachys deeps folds)
26
Bacterial pyoderma in different species
Cat, horse and goat: S. pseudintermedius and aureus Sheep, cattle: S. aureus Pig: S. hyicus (Greasy pig dz)
27
Superficial pyoderma
Imeptigo puppy pyoderma: abx Bacterial foliculitis: abx CS: papules, pustules, crusts, alopecia, epidermal collaretes
28
Deep pyoderma
Demodex, dermatophytes, FB Callus pyoderma Furunculosis (ruptured hair follicles) Abx: 4-6w
29
CS of deep pyoderma
Bulla, draining tract, ulceration, crusts, +/- fever, lymphodenopathy
30
Methicillin Resistant Staph
S. aureus Resistant to B-lactam abx and methicillin Been replaced with oxacillin
31
What is methicillin-resistance due to?
MecA gene that encodes for the production of the altered penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) Low affinity for all B-lactam abx
32
Malassezia dermatitis (yeast infection)
M. pachydermitis Severe, non-steroid responsive pruritus Erythema, alopecia, lichenification, greasy scale, malodor, hyperpigmentation
33
Where is Malassezia dermatitis common?
Ventral neck, axillae, inguinal area, flexural surfaces of elbows, tarsus
34
Predisposed breeds to Malassezia dermatiti
Westies, cockers, bassetts
35
How to dx Malassezia dermatiti
CS, r/o demodex, pyoderma, dermatophytes, cytology
36
Tx of Malassezia dermatiti
Topical therapy: 4% chlorhexidene, benzyl peroxide, miconazole/ ketoconazole shampoo, lime sulfure dip, enilconazole Systemic antifungals: Ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole 3-4 x week
37
Dermatophytosis (zoonotic- ring worms)
Fungus that invades keratinized structures Primary host is man Transmission direct or fomites
38
Different types of fungal infections
Geophilic (inhabits soil) Zoophilic (animals) Anthrophilic (humans) *invades hair follicles or S. corneum*
39
Lesions of fungal infections
Broken stubby hairs, scaling, erythema Kerion (nodules rx with ulceration and drainage and extreme inflamm.)
40
Different species fungal infections
M. canis: feline reservoir, asymptomatic M. nanum- pigs T.eqinum- horses T. verrucosum- cows and sheeps
41
Fungal infection dx
Fungal cx/ DTM (sabourauds dextrose agar with clycoheximide, gentamycin, cholrtetracycline) Macroconidia (microscopic ID) Wood's lamp KOH prep
42
Fungal infection tx
Spontaneous remission in 4m Itraconazole, clean environ./ clip hairs. topical therapy to reduce contamination
43
Papillomaviruses
Nonenveloped DNA virus transmitted by direct and indirect contact (benign) Infects epithelial cells @ site of damaged skin or mm Incubation: 1-2 m
44
What do papillomaviruses turn into?
Squamous cell carcinomas in some K9s
45
PV regression
Humoral immunity protects against viral challenge Cellular immunity important in PV regression and infiltration with CD4 and CD8+ lymphos for viral clearance
46
Five syndromes of cutaneous papillomas
K9 oral papillomatosis Cutaneous inverted paps Multiple pigmented, papular, cutaneous paps Multiple pigmented plaques Multiple paps
47
K9 oral paps
Common and affects young dogs White flat smooth shiny papules and plaques → gray pedunculated or cauliflower hyperkeratotic mass
48
What do K9 oral papillomas affect?
Buccal mucosa, tongue, palate, pharynx, epiglottis, lip, nasal planum, skin, eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea
49
Cutaneous inverted papillomas
Dogs 8m-3y Lesions on ventral abdomen and groin Small, raised and firm with central pore opening to skin surface
50
Multiple pigmented plaques
Mini schnauzers, pugs and shar-peis @ 2-4 yrs of age on ventrum and medial thighs
51
Characteristics of pigmented plaques
Melanotic macules and plaques becomes progressively scalier and more hyperkeratotic
52
Multiple papillomas
Foodpads of adult dogs Firm, hyperkeratotic, horn-like appearance, larger lesions= lameness
53
Feline papillomaviruses
Oral (FdPV-2) and skin (FdPV-1) forms Melanotic macules → plaques progressive and scaly, hyperkeratotic, greasy
54
Oral feline papillopaviruses
Causes tongue lesions 6m-9y Multifocal, small, soft, light pink, oval and slight raised flat topped lesions
55
Multiple viral papillomas (feline papillomaviruses)
Middle aged to old Lesions anywhere on the body (esp. head, neck, dorsal thorax, ventral abdomen and proximal limbs)
56
Dx of Papillomavirus
PCR (no sensitive to ID of viral DNA) Southern blot (specific and sensitive, long time) Dot blot and reverse blot (sensitive, laborous, accurate)
57
Clinical management for papillomavirus
Sx excision, cryosx, electrosx, CO2 laser ablation and observation without tx (spontaneous regression) Retinoids Autogenous vx (injection site squamous cell carcinoma)
58
Demodicosis (Red Mange, parasite)
Demodex canis Mom to pup via nursing Entire life cycle on the dog Periocular, lips, forelimbs
59
Tx for demodicosis (localized form)
Resolve over 6-8w Tx: none, benzoyl peroxide, goodwinol
60
Juvenile onset demodicosis (generalized)
Immunosuppression Guarded prognosis Onset <1.5 yrs
61
Breeds predisposed to juvenile onset demodicosis
Dobes, GSD, Sheltie, pitbull, Shar pei, boxers *30-50% spontaneously resolve*
62
Generalized adult onset demodicosis
Most > 4 yrs of age Look for underlying cause: hypothyroid, allergies, stress, immunosuppression
63
Feline demodicosis
Demodex cati (in hair, not contagious) or gatoi (contagious)
64
Dx for demodicosis
Deep SS in dogs/ superficial inc cats Bx for pododermatitis/ Shar pei
65
Demodicosis in other species
Rabbits: D. cuniculi Hamsters: D. criceti GP: D. caviae
66
Demodicosis tx
Tx pyoderma Amitraz (mitaban) → clip long hair dogs Ivermectin (contrain in MDR1 gene dogs) Milbemycin Lime sulfur dips
67
Sarcoptic Mange/ Scabies (dogs)
Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis - zoonotic Papular eruption, extremely pruritic Ears, hocks, elbows and ventrum
68
Dx sarcoptic mange
SSS, CS, Hx, Pinnal-pedal*
69
Tx for Sarcoptic mange
Lime sulfur, selamectin, ivermectin, paramite, amitraz, fipronil spray
70
Scabies in cats
Notoedres cati (zoonotic) Cheyletiella (walking dandruff)- zoonotic, entire life cycle on host, not species specific
71
Abscesses in cats (parasites)
Anaerobes: Bacteroides, fusobacterium Aerobes: P. multocida, Strept. Lance good ventral drainage, abx
72
Feline acne
Bacterial or Malassezia MC location chin Tx: benign neglect, topical astringents, abx, benzyl peroxide
73
Mycobacterial infections
Internal/ SQ granulomas: M. bovis, M. tuberculosis, M.avian/ intracellulare Feline leprosy: M. lepraemurium Sx excision
74
Spreading, SQ, pyogranulomatous in cats
Opportunistic (atypical) mycobacteria M. fortuitum, M. chelonei most common in US Dx with cx and sensitivity
75
Tx for mycobacterial infections
Doxycycline, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, clarithromycin
76
Mosquito bite sensitivity
Symmetrical, papular/ erosive dermatitis Nose, muzzle, ears, Seasonal occurrence Tx: steroids, avoidance
77
Indolent ulcer
Rodent/ eosinophilic ulcer MC on upper lip Tx: steroids
78
Eosinophilic plaque
Erosive patch/ plaque lesions on the lateral thighs, inguinal, perineal regions Intense pruritus, onset may be acute Tx: underlying allergies and steroids
79
Eosinophilic granuloma
Cd./ medial thighs or lateral thorax, chin, oral cavity, interdigital spaces Conjunction with ulcers, heritable Tx: steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, tx allergies
80
Autoimmune Dz in dogs and cats
Pemphigus complex (4 types) Ab formation of IC desmosomes Loss of IC adhesion and ancanthoytic cells Hereditary, drug induced, UV light, stress
81
What are the 4 types of Pemphigus complex?
P. foliaceous: intraepidermal/ subcorneal pustules P. erythematosus: IE/SQ pustules/ lichenoid inflamm. P. vulgaris: suprabasilar clefts, vesicles P. vegetans: IE microabscesses
82
Dx Pemphigus complex
Cytology: PMNs with acantholytic cells, no bacteria Histopath: pustule Direct immunofluorescence and IHC
83
Therapy for pemphigus complex
Corticosteroids Azathprine in dogs Chlorambucil in cats Chrysotherapy (gold salts) Tx pyoderma and avoid UV light
84
Hypothyroidism
Naturally occurring or idiopathic Caused by primary hypothy or lymphocytic thyroiditis
85
CS associated with hypothyroidism
Bilaterally symmetric truncal alopecia, dull dry haircoat, thick pitting skin (myxedema), hyperpigmentation, lack of pruritus, susceptible to skin infections
86
Dx hypothyroidism in dogs
TT4, FT4 and TSH Primary dz: low TT4 and FT4, TSH variable
87
Natural hyperadrenocorticism
Bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia Middle-age to older dogs
88
Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism
Misuse of exogenous glucocorticoids
89
Predisposed breeds to hyperadrenocorticism
boxer, boston terriers, poodles and dachshunds
90
CS of hyperadrenocorticism
PU/PD/PP, systemic hair loss of trunk and extremities, lacker luster hair coat, thin hypotonic skin, bacterial pyoderma, easy bruising
91
Dx of hyperadrenocorticism
ACTH response test, skin bx Elevated liver enzymes (ALT, ALKP, AST), cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose High dose dex suppression test
92
Tx hyperadrenocorticism
Adrenal tumors: sx excision Pituitary dependent: bilateral adrenolectomy, radiation therapy, trilostane, lysodren, cyprohetadine
93
Otitis externa
Inflamm. of the externa ear canal Unilateral and bilateral, acute or chronic Erythematoceruminous or suppurative
94
Perpetuating factors causing otitis externa
Inflamm. and pathology in the ear that prevents the resolution of otitis
95
Otitis externa pathology
Acute inflamm. and edema in ear → chr. inflamm. Glandular changes, fibrosis and scarring, stenosis and occlusion of the ear canal Calcification and ossification of cartilage
96
Possible sequela to otitis externa
Otitis media and aural cholesteatoma
97
CS of otitis externa
Head-shaking, pruritus, pain, excoriations, erythema, edema, exudate, odor
98
Otitis externa dx
Cytology: ID the number and morphology of bacteria and yeast, fungal hyphae, parasites, number and type of leukos, excessive cerumen...
99
When should culture and sensitivity be done?
Rods on cytology Systemic abx required Failure to repsond to initial tx Otitis media dx or suspected Pseudomonas infection
100
Myringotomoy
Rupturing of the tympanic membrane and useful dx tool for otitis media
101
Dx otitis media
Rads, CT or MRI (acute) and bx (neoplasia)
102
Otitis externa tx
Ear cleaning Corticosteroids Topical otic solutions (abx, antifungal, steroid) Systemic abx
103
Which abx are safe with ruptured tympanic membranes?
Enrofloxacin, ticarcillin, ceftazidime *avoid ototoxic abx aminoglycosides*
104

.systems based core clinical specialties (27 decks)

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