Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

.systems based core clinical specialties > Intro to Respiratory > Flashcards

Intro to Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Localizing the problem

A

Need history from the client, and PE findings → defining the location of the lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Important questions for the owner

A

Coughing, sneezing, gagging, reverse sneezing, productive cough, nasal discharge?
Change in breathing pattern?
How long?
Housing/ environment
Timing and travel history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is observed with nasal/ sinonasal disease

A

Sneezing, nasal discharge (small amount normal), stertor, facial/ nasal defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sneezing

A

Forceful expulsion of air and debris from the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nasal discharge

A

Serous (clear watery)
Mucoid (clear thick)
Mucopurlulent (white to yellowish, thick)
Serosanguineous (blood tinged water to thick)
Epistaxis (frank blood/ hemorrhage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stertor

A

↑ noise occurring with air movement through the respiratory system
Associated with nasal and pharyngeal obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secondary problems to nasal/ sinonasal disease

A

Inability to retropulse eyes (mass)
Exophthalmos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Viral diseases of the nasal cavity

A

K9: distemper, parainfluenza, adenovirus t2, reovirus
Feline: herpes and calicivirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacterial disease of the nasal cavity

A

K9- bordetella and non-commensal pathogens like pasterurella
Feline: Chlamydophilia, mycoplasma and bordetella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fungal diseases of the nasal cavity

A

K9: aspergillosis, penicillosis, rhinosporidosis
Feline: cryptococcus, penicillosis, rhinosporidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parasitic diseases of the nasal cavity

A

Pneumonyssoides caninum and Eucoleus boehmi in K9s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity

A

Nasopharyngeal polyps
Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (+/- overgrowth of commensal bacteria)
Allergic rhinitis (+/- overgrowth of commensal bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neoplasia of the nasal cavity

A

Adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Other diseases of the nasal cavity

A

FBs, trauma, dental disease, oronasal fistula, palatine defects and stenotic nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stertor is a common CS of _____________

A

Nasopharyngeal polyp in a cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a disease of the nasopharynx?

A

Reverse sneezing: audible paroxysms of strong, inspiratory efforts made against a closed glottis
Response to irritation in the posterior nasal cavity/ nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CS of laryngeal and tracheal diseases

A

Coughing
Stridor
Inspiratory dyspnea
Cyanosis if severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stridor

A

↑ noise occurring with air movement through the resp. system
Associated with cd. pharyngeal, laryngeal or tracheal obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Laryngeal/ tracheal diseases

A

Brachycephalic airway syndrome
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Laryngeal paralysis
Collapsing trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome (congenital)

A

Stenotic nares
Elongated soft palate
Hypoplastic trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome (Acquired)

A

Everted laryngeal saccules and tonsils
Collapsed laryngeal vestibule
Dynamic bronchial collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes infectious tracheobronchitis

A

Bordatella bronchiseptica, parainfluenza virus and CAV2
Travel/ boarding/ grooming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Laryngeal paralysis

A

Unilateral or bilateral
Inspiratory stridor
Large breed dogs
if airway not protected could lead to lower resp. disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Collapsing trachea

A

Collapsing process
Goose honk cough (elicited on tracheal palpation)
Middle-aged to older, toy and mini breed dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Locations of collapsing trachea
Cervical- inspiratory Thoracic- expiratory Bronchi- expiratory
26
CS of diseases of the lower respiratory tract
Coughing Tachypnea (↑ rate of resp.) Dyspnea (resp. distress) Cyanosis
27
Causes of CS of the lower resp tract
Ventilatory failure, resp. failure or inadequate tissue oxygenation
28
Ventilatory failure
Inability to perform adequate ventilation Due to airway obstruction, pleural cavity disease, chest wall disease, diaphragm disorders
29
Inadequate tissue oxygenation
Resp. causes: ventilatory/ resp. failure Non-resp causes: anemia, methemglobinemia
30
Diseases of the lower resp. tract
K9 Chronic bronchitis and feline asthma/ bronchitis
31
K9 chronic bronchitis and Feline asthma/ bronchitis
Chronic multifactorial disease associated with chronic infamm. response in the airways →bronchoconstriction, bronchial thickening, ↑ mucus secretion, fibrosis and emphysema
32
Etiologies of K9 chronic bronchitis and Feline asthma/ bronchitis
Allergic Infectious (K9), bacteria (feline) Pulmonary parasites Heartworms Inhaled irritants
33
CS of K9 chronic bronchitis
Chronic coughing exacerbated by exercise or excitement
34
CS of feline asthma/ bronchitis
Mild to life threatening (open mouth breathing/ cyanosis) Recurrent episodes of coughing and resp. disease Primary expiratory dyspnea
35
Wheezing loudest @ the cervical trachea/ larynx
Inspiration: upper airway obstruction, laryngeal paralysis Expiration: Attempt to keep small airways from closing early (rare)
36
Wheezing loudest @ the chest wall
Inspiration: Large airway obstruction End of expiration/ cough: Intrathroacic, small airway obstruction
37
Bacterial pneumonia (parenchymal disease)
Common in dogs Primary: lung → bordetella, strep zoo. Secondary: pneumonia→ E. coli, pasteurella, strep, staph, pseudomonas, klebs
38
CS of Bacterial pneumonia
Nonspecific: depression, anorexia, WL and fever Cough, nasal discharge, dyspnea and crackles
39
How do you diagnose bacterial pneumonia
Thoracic rads: FB: focal Dependent: secondary to airway disease of aspiration Caudodorsal: hematogenous spread
40
What causes fungal pneumonia (parenchyma disease)
Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, cryptococcus, aspergillosis
41
Hypersensitivity/ immune mediated parenchymal diseases
Eosinophilic pneumonitis Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis
42
Pulmonary edema (parenchyma)
Syndrome not disease: ↓ plasma colloid osmotic pressure → hypoalbuminemia ↑ hydrostatic pressure/ vascular overload → cardiac disease/ CHF, fluid overload, obstruction of pulmonary veins ↑ vascular permeability (stroke, trauma, near drowning, pulmonary contusions) Systemic (DIC, sepsis, uremia, electrocution, etc) Lymphatic obstruction
43
Unknown mechanisms that cause pulmonary edema
Thromboembolism Severe upper airway obstruction Neurogenic Hepatic failure Pulmonary hypertension
44
CS of diseases of the thoracic wall, pleural space and mediastinum
Dyspnea, cough, pleural effusion, mediastinal mass
45
Diseases of the thoracic wall, pleural space and mediastinum
Pneumothorax Pleural effusion Diaphragmatic hernia PPDH, diaphragmatic paralysis, blunt chest trauma, thoracic wall deformities
46
Pneumothorax
Movement of air into the pleural space Loss of chest wall integrity, puncture of the pulmonary pleura, rupture of the airway and mediastinum and rupture of the diaphragm with free abdominal air
47
Tension pneumothorax
Respiratory movements pulls air into pleural space but prevent escape Difficult to hear lung sounds, resonates percussion
48
Etiologies of pneumothorax
Traumatic Pulmonary disease (rupture of cysts, cavitations, emphysema) Iatrogenic (thoracocentesis, needle aspirate, catheters, surgery, etc.) Parasitic
49
Pleural effusion
Pathologic accumulation of fluid Inspiratory dyspnea with expanded chest wall Dullness on thoracic percussion ↓ bronchovesicular and heart sounds
50
Classifications of pleural effusions
Transudate protein Modified transudate (obstructive) Exudate protein Chylous/ pseudochylous
51
Diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital and acquired (blunt abdominal trauma against a close glottis)
52
CS of a diaphragmatic hernia
Acute v chronic Maybe no CS Resp. signs (space occupying organs, pleural adhesions atelectasis) Organ entrapment (bowel, liver, gastric, etc)
53
CS of mediastinal diseases
Resp: airway/ parenchymal compression Dysphagia: esophageal obstruction Horner's syndrome Cr. vena cava syndrome
54
Mediastinal diseases
Mediastinitis Medastinal hemorrhage Pneumomediastinum Lymphadenopathy Neoplasia (thymoma, lymphosarcoma)
55
Dx tools for resp. cases
CBC with side evaluation and full WBC differential Chemistry panel (for systemic disease) Urinalysis (proteinuria, urine conc.) Fecal Basic infectious tests
56
Dx rads aren't useful for ________________
Sinonasal disease
57
Dx rads
3 views: R, L and VD Include lateral of the cervical trachea and larynx/ pharynx Prefer inspiratory views
58
Dx for nasal/ sinonasal diseases
Cytology- exudates/ discharge Culture- tissue samples for fungal/ bacteria Virus isolation/ resp. PCR CT scan (nasal passages, sinuses, turbinate, masses, bone destruction) Rhinoscopy/ pharyngoscopy
59
Dx tools for pharynx, larynx and trachea
CT scan, fluoroscopy, bronchoscopy/ pharyngoscopy, sedated laryngeal exam
60
Dx tools for lower resp tract/ parenchymal
Ct scan, blood gases, pulse oximetry, ultrasound, borchoscopy, fine needle aspiration, histopathology, ECG
61
Dx tools for pleural space
CT scan, ultrasound, thoracocentesis (fluid analysis, cytology, culture)
62
Dx tools for thoracic wall/ cage
CT scan, ultrasound, contrast studies (barium)
63
Dx tools for mediastinum
Fine needle aspirate, histopathology, bronchoscopy

.systems based core clinical specialties (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions