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anatomy final exam prep > cardiac system > Flashcards

cardiac system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of blood

A
  • transport respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, heat
  • regulation of pH, ion composition and volume of blood
  • protecting with immune defences and hemostasis
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2
Q

what is the colour of blood, with O2 and without

A

bright red (saturated w oxygen)
dark red (unsaturated)

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3
Q

what is plasma

A
  • watery extracellular matrix
  • the fluid portion of blood
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4
Q

what does plasma contain

A
  • dissolved substances
  • 91% water, 8.5% solutes
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5
Q

what percentage does plasma make up of the total blood composition

A

55%

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6
Q

what are proteins only found in blood called

A

plasma proteins or dissolved proteins

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7
Q

what are the proteins found in plasma

A

albumin
fibrinogen
globulin

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8
Q

albumin: functions, percentage it makes up of proteins

A
  • 60% of plasma proteins
    functions
  • contributes to osmotic pressure of blood
  • transports fatty acids, steroids, hormones,
  • acts as a buffer
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9
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen

A
  • blood clotting
  • turns from fibrinogen (soluble) to fibrin (insoluble)
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10
Q

what is the function of globulin

A
  • transports proteins for metals, fats and thyroid hormone
  • works as an antibody
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11
Q

what is immunoglobin

A

type of globulin produced during immune responses

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12
Q

what is found in the formed elements of blood?

A
  • cell and cell fragments
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13
Q

the formed elements make up what percentage of total blood composition

A

45%

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14
Q

what is formed elements made up?

A
  • 99% red blood cells
  • 1% white blood cells and platelets
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15
Q

what is the function of rbc

A
  • transports oxygen from lungs to body cells
  • transports CO2 from body cells to lungs
  • contain hemoglobin
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16
Q

what is the function of white blood cells

A
  • protect body from pathogens and foreign substance
  • contribute to body’s defence mechanism
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17
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged

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18
Q

out of the formed elements, what are true cells

A
  • wbc
  • rbc and platelets have lost true ell function
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19
Q

what are platelets

A
  • cell membrane wrapped cytoplasmic pieces
  • no nucleus
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20
Q

what is hematocrit

A
  • percentage of total blood volume occupied by rbc
  • carrying capacity blood
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21
Q

what is he hematocrit in women vs men

A

women: 42%
men: 47%

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22
Q

why do men have a higher hematocrit than women

A
  • because they have more testosterone, which synthesis a hormone that inc production of rbc
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23
Q

what are densities of the components of blood

A

formed elements > buffy (wbc and platelets) > blood plasma

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24
Q

how does plasma contribute to homeostasis

A
  • plasma is in equilibrium with IF –> it controls the composition of IF
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25
what's the difference between IF and plasma
plasma contains proteins, IF doesn't
26
what is hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
27
how do platelets contribute to hemostasis
- swell and stick together - forms temporary plug to stop bleeding
28
how does fibrin contribute to hemostasis
- fibrinogen is turn into fibrin when triggered by wound signals - platelets stick to fibrin mesh
29
what is serum?
plasma without fibrin - it wont clot
30
what is the pericardium
double serous membrane that forms the pericardial sac and epicardium
31
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
32
what is the fibrous pericardium
- outer protective layer - made of dense CT - fused to serous pericardium
33
what is the serous pericardium
- inner layer of the pericardium - double membrane (parietal and visceral pericardium)
34
what is the parietal pericardium
- outer serous membrane - fused to fibrous pericardium
35
what is the visceral pericardium
- inner serous membrane - fused to heart - is the epicardium
36
what is the pericardial cavity
- contains fluid that reduce friction - in between serous membrane
37
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium myocardium endocardium
38
what is the epicardium made of
epithelium and CT
39
what is the myocardium
- middle heart wall layer - made of cardiac muscles cells and fibrous skeleton, blood vessels and nerves
40
what is fibrous skeleton
- skeleton collagen and elastic fibers - support the valves and isolate the atria and ventricles
41
what is the endocardium
- inner layer of heart wall - made of simple squamous and CT --> smooth surface
42
describe the characteristics of cardiac muscles
- parallel elongated muscle cells - striated - mono nucleate - contains intercalated discs with some branching
43
what are intercalated discs
sieve like structures between cardiac cells that allow ions to pass from one cell to the next - allows muscles to contract as a unit
44
what's the difference between the act pot of the NS and cardiac muscles
- cardiac muscles have prolonged act pot = produces longer contraction - is automaticity system = heart can initiate contractions on its own
45
each side of the heart contains what?
- atrium - ventricle - av valve - sl valve
46
what is the function of the atria
collecting chamber --> receives/collects blood
47
what is the function of the ventricles
pumping chamber --> discharges/pumps blood
48
what are the 2 circuits of the heart
pulmonary and systemic
49
what is the pulomary circuit
- right side - pumps to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
50
what is the systemic circuit
- left side - pumps to the tissues of the body to deliver nutrients and oxygen, and to pick up waste (Co2)
51
what are the structure that both pumps have
arteries capillaries veins
52
what are facts about both pumps
- work in sequence - carry equal volumes of blood but aren't the same length
53
how are the 2 circuits connected?
capillaries
54
how is the right side different from the left side?
- produced lower pressure pump --> circuit is shorter - thinner walls - crescent shape around wrapping around left ventricle
55
how is the left side different from the right
- produced greater pressure --> circuit is longer - thickest walls - round shaped around wrapping of right ventricle
56
where are the atrioventricular valves found
between atria and ventricles
57
what do av valves consist of?
flaps, chordae tendinae, papillar muscles
58
what are the 2 types of av valves
- tricuspid: right side - 3 sides - bicuspid: left side - 2 flaps
59
what is a mitral valve
bicuspid valve
60
what is the semilunar valve found
between ventricles and vessels
61
what's the structure of the sl valve
3 cup like flaps
62
what are the 2 types of sl valve
- pulmonary: right side - aortic: left side
63
when/how does the av valve function
- opens: pressure due to volume in blood in ventricles is less than the atrium - pressure due to volume of blood from filling of ventricles is greater than the atria
64
when/how do the sl valves function
- open: due to inc pressure by muscle contraction (pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in vessels) - close: backflow of ejected blood fills cusps (pressure in vessel exceeds pressure in ventricle)
65
what causes the heart sounds
due to turbulence in blood caused by closing of valve
66
what are the 3 heart sounds
lub dup pause murmurs
67
what is the lub sound
- closing of av valve - marks the end of diastole, beginning of ventricular systole
68
what is the dup sound
- closing of sl valve - marks end of systole and beginning of diastole
69
what is the pause sound
ventricular diastole
70
what is the murmur sound
obstructed blood --> incompetent valve
71
what is the path of blood thru heart
vena cava right atrium tricuspid al valve right ventricle pulmonary sl valve pulmonary trunk and arteries lung capillaries pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic sl valve aorta arteries tissue capillaries veins vena cava
72
what are auto rhythmic fibers
cardiac cells that generate action potential that trigger contractions
73
what are auto rhythmic fibers
- cardiac cells that generate action potential that trigger contractions - self excite - depolarize on their own
74
what are the pacemaker cells
- autorhythmic fibers in the SA node --> SA node is considered the pace maker - they reach threshold first
75
what is the path for the conducting system
sa node av node bundle of his bundle branches purkinje fibers
76
describe the path of the act potential during the conducting system
1. sa node initiates the act pot by depolarizing to threshold 2. act pot spreads across both atrial surface and reaches av node 3. av node causes a delay so the atria and ventricles can contract separately 4. act pot travels to bundle of his then to the bundle branches 5. bundle branches extend to apex of heart 6. purkinje fibers conduct the act pot upwards, allowing the ventricle to contract 7. it restarts
77
if the sa node stops working, what replaces it
av node (40-60 bpm)
78
what occurs during the p wave
depolarization of the atria
79
what occurs during the qrs complex
depolarization of ventricles and atria repolarization
80
what occurs during the t wave
repolarization of the ventricles
81
what occurs during the pq interval
sa node to bundle
82
what occurs during the st segment
ventricular systole
83
what occurs during the tp interval
ventricular diastole
84
what is systole
contraction
85
what is diastole
relaxation
86
what is esv
- end systolic volume - volume remaining at the end of contraction - aprox 50 ml
87
what is edv
- end diastolic volume - max volume the ventricles can be filled - aprox 120 ml
88
what is the steps of the cardiac cycle in order
- atrial systole - atrial diastole - ventricular systole (isovolumetric phase) - ventricular systole (ejection phase) - ventricular diastole
89
what is stroke volume
- volume pumped out with each beat - SV = edv - esv
90
what is the cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in a minute - CO = SV x HR
91
what does the cardiac output depend on?
- preload and postload
92
what is preload
- volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole --> end diastolic pressure - deg of stretch on the heart before it contract
93
what is afterload
- resistance the ventricle must overcome to circulate blood - the pressure that must be overcome before sl valve can open
94
what is the frank starling law
more in = more out the more the heart fills, the greater the contraction force during systole
95
edv is proportional to what
pre load
96
what things effect edv/preload
- duration of ventricular diastole --> hr inc = shorter duration of diastole = smaller edv - venous return (how much blood flows/returns back to the heart) --> greater volume of blood flow into ventricle = inc edv
97
the sympathetic NS releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. what affects does this have on the cardiac output? why?
inc the CO inc HR
98
what is the effect of thyroxin on the CO
inc
99
what is the effect of glucagon on the CO
inc
100
ions nicotine and caffeine have what effect on the CO
inc
101
how is the cardiac output monitored
- chemoreceptors (monitor the levels of H+ and CO2) - baroreceptors (monitor BP)
102
what are veins, arteries and capillaries
veins: afferent (bring blood to heart) arteries: efferent (bring blood away from heart) capillaries: exchange site
103
what is the path of blood in the from the heart to body back to the heart
heart arteries (elastic then muscular) arterioles capillaries venules veins heart
104
which circuit has a greater distribution of vessels?
systemic circuit
105
what are the 3 layers of the vessel wall
interna / intima tunica media tunica externa / adventia tunica
106
describe the intima tunica
- inner most layer - simple squamous epithelial
107
describe the media tunica
- middle layer - made of smooth muscle that provides a means to control vessel diameter
108
describe the externa tunica
- outer layer - made of dense irregular CT (elastic fibers, collagen), which help maintains high blood pressure
109
what are the different type of arteries
elastic muscular arterioles
110
describe elastic arteries and some examples
- largest arteries --> thickest diameter - contains more elastic fibers - ex: arota and pulmonary trunk
111
what is the function of elastic arteries
- propel blood when ventricles are relaxed - function as pressure reservoir - second pump
112
descrive muscular arteries with examples
- medium sized arteries - tunica media contains more smooth muscle than elastic fibers - thick walls but small diameter - kidneys
113
what is the function of muscular arteries
- capable of vasoconstriction/vasodilation - branch and deliver blood to organs - maintain blood flow
114
what is the function of arterioles
- vasoconstricts in response to SNS - main regulator of blood flow to tissues and BP
115
describe the structure of arteries
- thicker walls with more elastic and muscle fibers (thick tunica media) - smaller lumens - no valves - branching
116
describe the structure of veins
- thinner walls with less muscle and elastic fibers - thick tunica externa - can't withstand pressure --> lower bp than arteries - larger lumens - merging - more numerous
117
describe the structure of capillaries
- smallest diameter - single layer of simple squamous
118
how does exchange in the capillaries occur
- diffusion and osmosis
119
what are the different types of permeability of capillaries
- continuous - fenestrated - sinusoid
120
what is continuous and where is it found
- no gaps or pores - blood brain barrier
121
what is fenestrated and where is it found
- few gaps and pores - tissues
122
what is sinusoid and where are they found
- gaps and pores - lymph vessels
123
what is the capillary bed
- where the the exchange of blood occurs - where venules turn to arterioles
124
what is the pressure and flow like in the capillary bed
- low pressure - slow flow but constant
125
what are precapillary sphincters
- rings of smooth muscle that regulates the amount of blood that enters
126
what is the anastomosis
path that bypasses the capillary bed
127
what has the highest resistance? what has the highest pressure?
capillaries and veins have highest resistance because going against gravity arteries have the greatest pressure
128
what is flow
- how blood flows - dueto pressure gradient
129
what is the equation for flow (Q)
flow = pressure/ resistance
130
what is another word for flow? what is the equation
Q = CO = HR x SV = HR x (EDV - ESV)
131
pressure drops due to what
resistance
132
what are things that affect resistance
- viscosity (# RBC) - vessel length --> the circuit - vessel diamater - turbulence
133
out of the factors that affect resistance, which of them is not a constant
the vessel diameter
134
what is peripheral resistance
vessel diameter - pR
135
describe the pressure drops
arteries/arterioles 120 capillaries 40 venules 20 vena cava 2 right atrium 0 # = deg of pressure drop
136
describe how vessel diameter changes in circuit
dec in arteries inc in veins
137
describe how the cross sectional area changes in circuit
- CSA is constant in arteries and veins --> branching doesn't change total diameter - CSA inc slightly in capillaries due to high number of branching
138
describe how the velocity changes in circuit
- dec in arteries due to branching - inc in veins due to merging vessels
139
an inc in CSA = ---- in flow
dec
140
what are the 2 forces in the capillary bed
- push out (hydrostatic pressure) - pull in (osmotic pressure)
141
what is hydrostatic pressure
- Blood pressure - pushes fluid out
142
what is the hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end and venule end
arteriole: 35 mmHg venus: 18 mmHg
143
what is osmotic pressure
- pulls fluid in due to number of solutes in blood
144
what is the osmotic pressure for the venules and arterioles
25 mmHg its constant for both
145
what is the net force out at the arterial end of the capillary bed
35 - 25 = 10 mmHg
146
what is the net force in at venule end of capillary bed
18 - 25 = - 7 mmHg
147
what is venous return
- EDV - it's altered short term by venoconstriction, long term by blood volume
148
what is the peripheral resistance equation
pR = Lx n / r squared L = length n = viscocsity r = radius
149
what is the formula for BP
edv - esv x HR x pR
150
ESV is controlled by what
- amount of calcium released by SNS (hormones and drugs) - Frank Starling (more blood in = good)
151
what causes vasoconstriction
- Ag II - endothelial factors (wound factors, when u bleed) - local factors (low metabolic activity --> stress)
152
what causes vasodilation
- ANP - inflammatory factors like histamine - nitrous oxide - high metabolic activity
153
what inc BP
- inc in CO - inc in HR - inc in BP (ADH, aldosterone, ag II) - inc pR - vasoconstriction
154
what causes a dec in BP
- dec in co - dec in blood volume (ANP) - dec in pR - vasodilation
155
what is the short term mechanisms that alter CO
ANS and hormones (E, ADH, Ag II)
156
what is the long term mechanisms that alter BP
hormones (Ag II, EPO, ADH, ANP)

anatomy final exam prep (8 decks)

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