Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy final exam prep > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the NS

A
  1. senses: detects a change
  2. integrates: input received, decision is made, command is sent
  3. responds: effector organs respond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is the nervous system divided

A

into the central and peripheral NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the central nervous system functions as?

A

a control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the peripheral NS consists of what

A

neural tissue outside of CNS:
- receptors
- ganglia
- nerves
- motor nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the PNS functions as?

A

the link to and from the outside (efferent and afferent path)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the PNS is subdivided into what?

A

somatic and autonomic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is grey matter?

A

group of cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia and unmyelinated processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are other words used to describe white matter

A
  • nerves
  • tracts
  • columns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are tracts

A

bundles of axons that share a common origin, destination or function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are columns

A

groups of tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are other words used to describe gray matter

A
  • center/nucleus
  • cortex
  • ganglion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a center/nucleus

A
  • group of cell bodies with a common function
  • found in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a cortex

A
  • outer layer of gray matter
  • in CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a ganglion

A
  • clusters of cell bodies
  • outside the CNS but inside the PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the organs of the NS

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is an ascending tract/path

A
  • sensory path
  • going from PNS to CNS (UP towards brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a descending tract/path

A
  • motor path
  • going from CNS to PNS (DOWn towards body)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what structures protect the CNS (in order)

A
  1. bones
  2. meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
    - glial cells
    - cellular barriers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does bone protect the CNS

A
  • makes up the vertebral column and skull
  • protects from blows or bumps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are meninges and how many are there?

A
  • 3
  • membrane wrappings between bone and nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the outer layer of the meninge

A
  • dura mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
describe the dura mater
- thick and tough - made of dense irregular tissue
26
what is the second meninge called
arachnoid mater
27
describe the arachnoid mater
- thin covering made of cells, collagen and elastic fibers
28
what is the innermost layer of the meninge
pia mater
29
describe the pia mater
- made of squamous and cuboidal cells - adhered to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
30
what are the spaced formed by the meninges
- epidural space - subdural space - subarachnoid space
31
what are the functions of the meningeal layers
- form protective wrappings - carry nerves and blood vessels - form attachment sites - form spaces that holds fluid or fat
32
where is the epidural space located
- between the vertebra and the dura mater
33
what is found in the epidural space
fat
34
where is the subdural space found
between dura and arachnoid layer
35
what is held in the subdural space
- fluid that adheres the dura to the arachnoid (creates double membrane)
36
where is the subarachnoid space found
between the arachnoid and pia mater
37
what does the subarachnoid hold
the cerebrospinal fluid
38
what layers differ between the spinal cord and brain
brain contains the dura sinuses, which hold veins spinal cord contains the epidural space, which holds fat
39
what is the function of the blood brain barrier
- filters and adjusts the nutrients and ions that pass through towards the brain
40
what makes up the structure of the blood brain barrier
- foot processes of astrocytes - blood vessel wall made of simple squamous epithelial
41
what is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
clear, colorless liquid made of of water and chemicals from blood
42
what is the function of CSF
- aids in maintaining environment around neurons - cushions --> subarachnoid space - reduces the weight of brain by letting the brain float in it - provides nutrients to cells lining the path of circulation
43
describe the circulation of csf
- choroid plexus - lateral interventricular ventricle - third ventricle aqueduct - 4th ventricle - central canal - medial and lateral apertures - SAS - arachnoid vili - dural sinuses
44
what is an arachnoid vili
one way valves in SAS that return CSF to blood by using the dural sinuses
45
how is csf produced
- formed from blood by choroid plexus
46
what are choroid plexus
- 2 layer cell wall consisting of blood capillaries and ependymal cells - found in ventricle walls - filters and adjusts blood plasma
47
how is csf removed
- absorbed into blood by the arachnoid vili via the dural sinuses
48
what's the difference between blood, CSF and IF
blood - contains higher protein and glucose levels than CSF - contains rbc, wbc, etc IF - contains immune cells
49
what are the regions of the spinal cord from top to bottom
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral
50
what is a plexus
branching and merging of PNS nerves that form a network of axons from the spinal cord
51
what is the function of a plexus
- ensure info to and from limbs is carried by multiple paths - ensures that if a plexus is injured, the function to that area isn't lost
52
what are the type of plexuses
cervical brachial lumbar sacral
53
what is the conus medullaris
the tapering region of the spinal cord
54
what is the terminal filum
end point of the spinal cord
55
what are cauda equina
group of nerves that travel down the spinal cord before exiting
56
what are dermatomes
specific segment or area of skin that is supplied by a single nerve
57
what structures of the spinal cord are found in the cross sectrion
white matter grey matter horns of the grey matter dorsal root ganglion dorsal and ventral root nerve rami
58
what is the dorsal root ganglion
cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons
59
what is a dorsal root
axons of sensory neurons that bring info to spinal cord
60
what are ventral roots
axons of motor neurons - carry info away from spinal cord to muscles and glands
61
what are rami
branches distal to spinal nerves
62
what are horns
projections of grey matter of spinal cord
63
what is a spinal nerve
fusion of dorsal and ventral roots that contain motor and sensory information
64
what are the 2 functions of the spinal cord
1. highway for ascending and descending tracts linking the PNS to CNS 2. control center for reflexes
65
what is a commissure
connection between the left and right sides of the grey matter of the spinal cord
66
what is the lateral/medial corticospinal
- skeletal muscle movement of hands and body - part of 2 neuron path for conscious control of skeletal muscles
67
what are dorsal white columns
2 neuron path of sensory info of touch and pressure
68
what is a reflex
automatic, involuntary response to a stimuli
69
what are the characteristics of all reflexes
- rapid - involuntary - predictable response - can be innate or learned
70
what is a reflex arc
the path of nerve impulses from stimuli to response
71
what are the components of the reflex arc
- receptor - afferent path - control center - efferent path - effector
72
what is the receptor of the reflex arc
dendrite ending of a sensory neuron
73
what is the afferent path of the reflex arc
dendrite/axon of the sensory neuron in the nerve and dorsal root
74
what is the control center of the reflex arc
synapse or interneuron in the gray matter
75
what is the efferent path of the reflex arc
axon of the motor neuron in the ventral root and nerve
76
what is the effector of the reflex arc
muscle or gland
77
what is the stimulus, response, pathway and role of the stretch reflex
stimulus: inc in muscle length detected by muscle spindle response: contraction path: 2 neuron reflex arc role: regulates muscle length
78
what is the stimulus, response, pathway and role of the withdrawal reflex
stimulus: pain response: withdrawal (flex) path: 3 neuron reflex arc role: withdrawals limb from stimulus
79
whats the different between monosynaptic and polysnyaptic
mono: one synapse poly: 2+ synapses
80
what the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral
ip: motor response occurs on the same side of the body to stimulus cont: motor response occurs on opp sides of the body to stimulus
81
the cervical plexus supplies which part of the body
neck and thoracic cavity
82
the brachial plexus supplies which parts of the body
upper limbs
83
the lumbar plexus supplies which part of the body
lower limbs
84
the sacral plexus supplies which part of the body
lower limbs
85
what are cranial nerves
nerves that originate in the brain stem
86
what is the effector of the somatic NS
skeletel muscle
87
what is the effector of the ANS
smooth and cardiac muscles
88
what is the control center of the somatic NS
cerebral cortex
89
what is the control center of the ANS
hypothalamus
90
what is the neuron path of the somatic NS
2 motor neuron path --> 1 in PNS
91
what is the neuron path of the ANS
3 motor neuron path --> 2 in PNS
92
what is the NT of the somatic NS
ach
93
what is the NT of the ANS
ACH and epinephrine (E)
94
the ANS splits into2 subdivisions, what are they
parasympathetic and sympathetic
95
what the difference between preganglionic and post ganglionic
pre: before the ganglion post: after the ganglion
96
what is a terminal ganglion
ganglion near or within the effector organ
97
what is a sympathetic chain
ganglion chain near the spinal cord
98
the sympathetic NS originates where?
spinal cord
99
the sympathetic has a -- pre ganglion and a --- post ganglion
short, long
100
the sympathetic NS contains a sympathetic ganglion chain. What is that?
paired bundle of nerves that extend from the base of the skull
101
the sympathetic NS is responsible for what?
- prepares body for action and motion - responsible for fight or flight reaction - exercise, emergency and emotions
102
is the sympathetic NS catabolic or anabolic
catabolic
103
where is the SNS located
thoracic lumbar regions
104
the SNS innervates what parts of the body
trunk and limbs
105
what's the affect of the SNS
- widespread because highly branched - long lasting: because epinephrine is released into blood stream
106
when SNS is activated, what are the main things that occur (scared cat)
- inc HR and BP - glucose is released for energy (mobilizes energy reserves) - inhibits digestive and urinary tract - adrenal medulla releases epinephrine
107
the parasympathetic NS originates where?
spinal cord
108
the para NS has a --- preganglion and a --- post ganglion
long, short
109
is the pars NS anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
110
the parasympathetic NS is responsible for what actions?
- rest and digest response that conserves energy
111
the para NS is located where
cranial and sacral regions
112
the para NS innervates what?
viscera
113
what NT are used by the para NS
ach
114
describe the effects of the para NS
- localized - short lives due to minimal branching
115
when para NS is activated, what occurs to your body
- heart slows - constricts bronchioles - contracts urinary bladder - digestive tract is stimulated
116
the SNS releases what NTs at the post and preganglions
ACH at pre E at post
117
the para NS releases what NTS at the post and pre ganglions
ACH at pre ACH at post
118
what does dual innervation mean
an organ is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

anatomy final exam prep (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions