the brain Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 major regions of the brain
A
hindbrain
brainstem
midbrain
forebrain
2
Q
what components make up the hindbrain
A
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum
3
Q
what parts make up the brainstems
A
- medulla
- pons
- midbrain
4
Q
what are the components in the midbrain
A
solely the mid brain
5
Q
what are the 2 parts of the forebrain
A
diencephalon
telencephalon
6
Q
what components make up the diencephalon
A
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
7
Q
what components make up the telencephalon
A
- cerebrum
8
Q
what’s the nickname for the medulla oblongata
A
brain of vital signs
9
Q
what are the functions of the medulla oblongata
A
- respiratory center
- cardiac center
- vasometer center
- reflexes like swallowing, coughing, sneezing
- relay station
10
Q
what are the functions of the pons
A
- regulates breathing center with medulla
- responsible for reflexes for salivation and chewing
- contains tracts that connect parts of the brain to each other
11
Q
what are the functions of the cerebellum
A
- responsible for the unconscious motor movement like automatic, corrective or patterned responses
- receives into from cerebrum
- receives sensory info about body position
12
Q
what is the function of the midbrain
A
- visual reflexes
- auditory reflexes
- synthesizes dopamine
13
Q
what is the function of the hypothalamus
A
- control center for all visceral functions + ANS
- controls endocrine system
- controls body temp
- controls sleep-wake cycles
- drives thirst and hunger
- synthesizes hormones like ADH and oxytocin
14
Q
what is the function of the thalamus
A
- processes sensory info and sends it to the cerebrum
- edits sensory info
- considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex
- focuses our attention by forming crude recognition
15
Q
what is the function of the pineal gland
A
- endocrine gland that is influence by light
- produces melatonin
16
Q
what other terms is used for the pineal gland
A
epithalamus
17
Q
the pituitary gland is the link between what systems?
A
- nervous sytem and endocrine system
18
Q
the pituitary gland has 2 sections, what are they
A
posterior and anterior pituitary
19
Q
whats the function of the posterior pituitary
A
- neural
- made of axons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
- releases ADH and oxytocin into circulation, where they become hormones
20
Q
what is the function of the anterior pituitary gland
A
- glandular
- regulated by neurons of the hypothalamus
- hormones that are secreted regulate other glands
21
Q
how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland
A
- it releases ‘releasing hormones’ that control when the anterior pituitary gland can release it’s own hormones
22
Q
what is the one sensory info that the hypothalamus can’t process
A
smell
23
Q
what is the function of RAS (reticular activating system)
A
- controls the level of arousal (how ‘on’) the cortex is
- ranges from sharp focus to sleep state
24
Q
what does the ras effect
A
- alertness
- focus
- attention
25
what components are included in the ras
- midbrain
- medulla
- pons
- hypothalamus
- cerebral cortex
26
what does the limbic system control
emotions and drives
27
what is the structure of the limbic system
- collection of nuclei and tracts in the cerebrum and diencaphalon
28
what can inhibit the limbic system
- cerebral cortex
- drugs and alcohol
29
what are the components of the limbic system
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- cingulate gyrus
- fornix
- hypothalamus
30
whats the function of the hippocampus
- memory
31
whats the function of the amygdala
- emotional significance
- mainly fear or desire
32
whats the function of the cingulate gyrus
mood
33
whats the function of the fornix
tract that connect hippocampus and hypothalamus (hormones and memories)
34
what is a gyrus
elevated ridges
35
what is a sulcus
shallow grooves
36
what are fissures
major grooves
37
what's the function the longitudinal fissure
it divides the brain into left and right hemispheres
38
where's the central sulcus
between the frontal and parietal lobe
39
what is the cerebrum? what is it responsible for?
the conscious brain
- voluntary movement and sensory perception
40
what are the 5 lobes that make up the cerebrum
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
41
the cerebrum is split into 2 major divisions. what are they
white matter and basal nuclei
42
what is the white matter
3 fibers:
- commissure fibers
- projection fibers
- association fibers
43
whats the role of commissure fibers
connect right and left hemispheres
44
whats the role of the projection fibers
connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem
45
whats the role of the association fibers
connect things within each hemisphere
46
what are basal nuclei
masses of grey matter buried within each hemisphere
47
what is the function of the basal nuclei
- help unconscious control of voluntary movement
- regulates movement like stop start and intensity
- contributes to procedural learning for cerebral cortex
48
what is procedural learning
unconscious and long term learning
49
what is the basal nuclei connected to?
cortex motor areas
thalamus
midbrain
50
what is the role of the internal capsule
band of projection fibers between thalamus and basal nuclei
51
what is the role of the corona radiata
projection fibers radiating out from thalamus to cortical cortex
52
what is the cerebral cortex
gray matter of cerebrum that's found as an outer layer
53
the cerebral cortex is grey matter composed of cells. what are they?
- cell bodies
- dendrites
- glial cells
- blood vessels
54
the cerebral cortex exhibits some things. what are they
- topographic mapping
- plasticity
- lateralization
55
what is topographic mapping
- the brains way of mapping the outside world
56
what is plasticity
- the brain can make new connection and paths
- lost functions can be regained in other areas
- all in response to stimuli
57
what is lateralization
how the left and right part of the brain process info in different ways and control different patterns of behaviour
58
what is brodmann areas
- system to divide the cerebral cortex according to functional groups
- areas are mapped and numbered
59
what is somatopy
- spatial mapping of function areas in the cerebral cortex that reflect the body
60
somatotopy is organized into 3 sections. what are they
sensory, motor, association
61
what are the 3 'rules' of somatotopy
1. each hemisphere is concerned with functions of the opposite sides of the body
2. the two hemispheres are not equal in function
3. no area functions on its own
62
what is the function of the occipital lobe
vision
63
what is the function of the parietal lobe
sensory somatotopy
- touch, pressure, temp
- perception and making sense of the world
64
what is the function of the frontal lobe
- voluntary movement
- thinking (executive function)
- personality (emotion and behaviour control)
65
what is the function of the temporal lobe
- hearing
- speech production
- understanding language
66
what is the function of the insula lobe
- taste
- limbic system
67
what is the function of the OVERALL sensory areas
- receives input that has been relayed from sensory receptors
68
what are the components that are part of the sensory areas
- primary somatosensory
- primary visual
- primary auditory
- primary gustatory
- primary olfactory
69
where is the primary somatosensory located
post central gyrus in parietal lobe
70
what info does the primary somatosensory receive? where does it receive it from?
- skin receptors and proprioreceptors
- receives info about touch, pressure, temp, pain and body position
71
what is the function of the primary somatosensory
determine the body area thats stimulated due to the specific neuron path in that area
72
what is homunculus
sensory map formed by neurons that allows you to pinpoint where sensations are originating
73
where is the primary visual area located
occipital lobe
74
what is the role of the primary visual
receive visual info from eyes
75
where is the primary auditory area located
temporal lobe
76
what is the role of the primary auditory area
receives auditory info from ears
77
where is the primary gustatory located
insula and frontal lobe
78
what is the role of the primary gustatory
receive impulses for taste
79
where is the primary olfactory located
in temporal lobe
80
what is the role of the primary olfactory area
receive impulses for smell
81
what is the role of primary motor areas
sends out commands for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
82
how do primary motor areas control muscle movement?
by sending electrical signals that stimulate certain motor areas, which causes a contraction
83
what parts makes up the primary motor areas
- brocas speech area
frontal eye field
84
where is brocas speech area located
frontal lobe
85
what is the role of brocas speech area
control the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and mouth
86
impulse from brocas speech area to the primary motor area controls what?
the breathing muscles to help regulate air flow
87
where is the frontal eye field located
frontal lobe
88
what is the role of the frontal eye field
controls the movement of the eyes
89
what are facts about homunculus
- functions can be mapped out
- it reflects the map of the body
- sensitivity of area depends on the amount of receptors
- upside down representation
- contralateral control
90
what do association areas do
uses memory to produce an understanding of the information received
91
what parts make up the association areas
- somatosensory association area
- visual association
- auditory
- wernicks area
- prefrontal cortex
- premotor area
- general interpretative area
92
how are association areas connected
association tracts
93
what is the role of the somatosensory association area
- receive input from primary somatosensory area and thalamus
- allows you to determine the exact shape/texture/orientation of an object
- retains memories of past somatosensory experiences
94
where is the visual association area located
occipital lobe
95
what is the role of the visual association area
interprets visions
- interprets the color, shape and recognition
96
what is the role of the auditory association area
interprets sounds by using memory and recognition
97
what is wernickes area
interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
98
what is the prefrontal cortex
area for intellect, problem solving, empathy, motivation
- the make up of someones personality
99
what is the premotor cortex
the motor association area
100
what is the role of the premotor cortex
- stores learned motor skills
- involved in controlling precise motor movements (causes specific groups of muscles to contract in a specific sequence)
101
what is the general interpretative area
integrates infro from other association area into one meaning or thought
102
where is the GIA located
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
103
what is lateralization
a division of labour between the 2 hemispheres
104
how do the 2 hemispheres ensure instant communication
the corpus callosum
105
the left hemisphere is responsible for what?
logical stuff
106
the right hemisphere is responsible for what
spatial awareness, music and artistic abilities, etc
