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Physhiology B > Cardiac System > Flashcards

Cardiac System Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

smaller than skeletal muscle
one nucleus per cell fiber
higher mitochondrial density
fewer t tubules

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2
Q

intercalated disks

A

join adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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3
Q

gap junction

A

transmits action potentials to cells

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4
Q

functional syncytium

A

all cells work together

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5
Q

calcium induced calcium release

A

excitation induced entry of a small amount of Ca2+ through voltage gated cell membrane where Ca2+ channels trigger the opening of Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing a larger release of Ca2+

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6
Q

what do the right and left atriums do?

A

collect blood

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7
Q

what do the right and left ventricles do?

A

pump blood

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8
Q

process of blood flow in the heart

A

superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicupsid valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
rest of body

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9
Q

why is the left side of the heat bigger?

A

it pumps blood to the rest of the body

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10
Q

atrial septal defect

A

hole in the septum
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
can cause hypoxia due to hypoxemia

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11
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

hole in he ventricular area
mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
can cause hypoxia due to hypoxemia

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12
Q

transportation of the great vessels

A

pulmonary artery attached to left ventricle and aorta is attached to the right ventricle or transposed

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13
Q

stenotic

A

valve doesn’t open all the way (pooling)

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14
Q

prolapse

A

valve doesn’t close all the way (regurgitating)

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15
Q

mitrovalve prolapse

A

valve doesnt close all the way and blood regurgitates back to the left atrium

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16
Q

pathway of the conduction system

A

SA node
AD node and bundle of His
send action potential to ventricles
R+L bundle branches
purkinjie fibers

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17
Q

systole

A

the period of contraction and emptying

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18
Q

diastole

A

the period of relaxation and filling during the cardiac cycle

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19
Q

isovolumic contraction period

A

same volume, increase pressure because contracting, blood can’t enter because valve closed

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20
Q

rapid ejection period

A

blood leaves ventricle rapidly because aortic valve opens and decrease ventricular volume

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21
Q

slow ejection period

A

blood exiting but at a slower rate, less step slop in ventricular volume

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22
Q

ejection fraction

Study These Flashcards
A

determine is strong or weak heart, proportion of blood that is pumped out

23
Q

stroke volume

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A

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle withe ach contraction

24
Q

endistolic volume

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A

volume of blood at the end of diastole, max amount of blood

25
ensystolic volume
least amount of blood in ventricle
26
cardiac output
HR x SV
27
isovolumetric relaxation period
same volume, aortic valve closes, av valve open
28
slow filling period
ventricles fill with blood
29
endothelium
thin, inner layer of epithelial tissue that lines the entire circulatory system
30
myocardium
middle layer, cardiac muscle and bulk of the heart wall
31
epicardium
thin, external layer that covers the heart
32
funny channel
opens to allow Na+ to enter (usually Na+ leaves) goes toward threshold
33
t-type channel
transient and allows Ca2+ to enter
34
L-type channel
Ca2+ enters
35
K+ channels
K+ exits because positive charges inside and like charges repel
36
Frank-Starling Law of the Hert
the heart normally pumps out during systole the volume of blood returned during diastole; increased venous return results in increased SV EDV increases SV because stronger contraction with more optimal length
37
inotropic
heart contracts with greater force (positive ionotropic), contracting with less force (negative inotropic)
38
chronotropic
how fast the heart is beating increase HR (positive) and decrease HR (negative)
39
how to increase cardiac output
1. optimal length tension relationship 2. more Ca2+ leaves SR 3. more Ca2+ affinity
40
sympathetic nervous system effect
increases the rate of depolarization to threshold increases the heart rate increases contractility and strengthens contraction promotes the secretion of epinephrine, a hormone that augments sympathetic nervous system actions
41
parasympathetic nervous system effects
decreases the rate of deplorization to the threshold decreases heart rate decreases contractibility and weakens contraction
41
sympathetic nervous system pathway
sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds with a beta-adrenergic receptor is coupled to a stimulatory G protein that accelerates the CAMP pathway in the target cells
42
parasympathetic nervous system pathway
acetylcholine released from the vagus nerve binds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor and is coupled to an inhibitory G protein that reduces activity of the CAMP pathway
43
blood pressure
how much pressure is exerted against the wall of the blood vessels
43
K+ permeability
hyperpolarizes SA node resting potential starts farther away from the threshold SA node reaches threshold and fires less frequently, decreasing the heart rate
44
beta blocker
decreases blood pressure and lower heart rate
45
diuretic drug
decreases blood pressure and decreases blood volume and decreases stroke volume
46
Speed of cardiac excitation rules
1. atrial excitation and contraction should be complete before the onset of ventricular contraction 2. excitation of cardiac muscle fibers should be coordinated to ensure that each chamber contracts as a unit to pump efficiently 3. the pair of atria and pair of ventricles should be functionally coordinated so that both members of the pair contract simultanously
47
interatrial pathway
extends from SA node within right atrium to left atrium both atria become depolarized to contract simultanously
48
internodal pathway
extends from SA node to AV node action potential must pass through AV node to go to ventricle
49
pressure volume loop steps
1. av valve opens 2. passive ventricular filling occurs and volume increases considerably and pressure increases slightly as blood enters 3. atrial contraction completes ventricular filling. end diastolic volume is reached at end of this phase 4. av valve closes 5. isovolumetric ventricular contraction occurs. volume remains constant, pressure increases remarkably 6. aortic valve opens 7. stroke volume of blood is ejected. as blood leaves, volume decreases considerably as pressure peaks, then falls more slowly until end-systolic volume is reached at the end of this phase 8. aortic valve closes 9. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occurs. volume remains constant, pressure falls sharply
50
sympathetic nervous system
improve effectiveness by increasing HR, decreasing the delay between atrial and ventricular contraction, decreasing conduction time throughout the heart, indicating the force of contraction, and speeding up the relaxation process, so more time is available for filling
51
parasympathetic nervous system
decreases heart rate as ach slows HR by increasing K+ permeability of peace maker in SA node by binding with muscularine cholinergic receptors that are coupled directly to ach regulated K+ channels by a G protein that opens K+ channels

Physhiology B (11 decks)

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