Respiratory System

Question 1

What is boyle’s law?

Answer 1

volume is inversely related to pressure
increase volume, decrease pressure
decrease volume, increase pressure

Question 2

intra-alveolar pressure

Answer 2

pressure within the pleural sac

Question 3

atmospheric pressure

Answer 3

the pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on Earth’s surface

Question 4

intrapleural pressure

Answer 4

pressure within the pleural sac

Question 5

What are the nonrespiratory functions of the nervous system?

Answer 5

reroute for water loss and heat elimination
enhances venous return
helps maintain normal acid-base balance by altering the amount of H+ generating CO2 exhaled
enables vocalization
defends against inhaled foreign matter
removed, modifies, activates or inactivates various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation

Question 6

resting inspiration (muscles and pressure gradient)

Answer 6

diaphragm contracts, increase volume and decrease pressure, gas moves in
intra alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

Question 7

resting expiration (muscles and pressure gradient)

Answer 7

diaphragm resting, decrease volume and increase pressure, gas moves out
intra alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

Question 8

ventilation

Answer 8

movement of gas into and out of lungs

Question 9

respiration

Answer 9

exchange of gases in alveoli

Question 10

maximal expiration (muscles and volume/pressure)

Answer 10

contract internal intercostals that lowers rib cage
decrease volume and increase pressure

Question 10

maximal inspiration (muscles and volume/pressure)

Answer 10

contract external intercostals that lift the rib cage
increase volume and decrease pressure

Question 11

lung compliance

Answer 11

how much effort is required to stretch of distend the lungs

Question 12

What factors affect lung compliance?

Answer 12

elastin and surfactant

Question 13

Surfactant definition and effects

Answer 13

surface active agent that lowers surface tension, mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by type II alveolar cells
1. increases pulmonary compliance, reducing the work of inflating the lungs
2. reduces the lungs’ tendency to recoil so that they do not collapse as readily

Question 14

alveolar type I cell

Answer 14

exchange of gas occurs here

Question 15

alveolar type II cell

Answer 15

secrets surfactant

Question 16

law of la place

Answer 16

P = 2T/r

Question 17

minute ventilation

Answer 17

the volume of air breathed in and out in 1 minute

Question 18

minute ventilation (VE) equation

Answer 18

VE = TV x fb

Question 19

tidal volume (TV)

Answer 19

the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

Question 20

alveolar ventilation

Answer 20

takes into account dead space, how much gas is actually reaching the alveoli

Question 21

alveolar ventilation (Va) equation

Answer 21

Va = fb x (TV - dead space)

Question 22

dead space

Answer 22

area where there is no gas exchange (ie trachea)

Question 23

newborn respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 23

premature babies do not produce enough pulmonary surfactant to reduce the alveolar surface tension to manageable levels

Question 24

newborn respiratory distress syndrome breathing pattern

Answer 24

fast and short

Question 25

What forces are keeping the alveoli open?

Answer 25

transmural pressure gradient pulmonary surfactant (opposes alveolar surface tension)

Question 26

What forces promote alveolar collapse?

Answer 26

elasticity of stretched elastin fibers in lung connective tissue alveolar surface tension

Question 27

What factors increase the work of breathing?

Answer 27

1. when pulmonary compliance is decreased 2. when airway resistance is increased 3. when elastic recoil is decreased 4. when there is a need for increased ventilation

Question 28

describe the upper zone (zone 1)

Answer 28

elevated ventilation reduced perfusion increase in V/Q ratio

Question 29

describe the middle zone (zone 2)

Answer 29

ventilation almost equal to perfusion normal, optimal ratio = 0.8

Question 30

describe the lower zone (zone 3)

Answer 30

reduced ventilation elevated perfusion decrease in V/Q ratio

Question 31

intrapleural fluid

Answer 31

secreted by the pleura, lubricates the pleural surfaces as they slide past each other during respiratory movements

Question 32

In a relaxed state the diapgragm is...?

Answer 32

contracted

Question 33

elastin

Answer 33

the protein that allows the lungs to be elastic

Question 34

explain how gas moves

Answer 34

gas moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure

Question 35

hypoxia

Answer 35

low oxygen in the tissues/organs

Question 36

ischemia

Answer 36

low blood flow

Question 37

hypoxemia

Answer 37

low oxygen content in the blood

Question 38

shunt

Answer 38

lung is perfused but poorly ventilated, V/Q low for the entire lung

Question 39

pulmonary edema

Answer 39

alveolus filled with fluid

Question 40

will breathing in 100% oxygenated blood help pulmonary edema?

Answer 40

no because blood cannot be oxygenated when the alveolus is filled with blood

Question 41

V/Q mismatch

Answer 41

lungs are ventilated but perfusion is inadequate or ineffective, V/Q high ratio for entire lung

Question 42

emphysema

Answer 42

caused by smoking, less alveolar surface area

Question 43

will breathing in 100% oxygenated blood help emphysema?

Answer 43

yes because less blood was oxygenated when blood was flowing to fast past it

Question 44

what factors influence the rate of gas transfer between air and blood?

Answer 44

1. partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 2. surface area of the alveolar capillary membrane 3. thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane 4. diffusion constant

Question 45

relaxed state

Answer 45

O2 binds to hemoglobin

Question 46

taunt state

Answer 46

O2 unbinds to hemoglobin

Question 47

what are the two ways that CO2 can be transported out of red blood cells?

Answer 47

1. as HbCO2 2. as HCO3- (bicarbonate and primary way)

Question 48

Bohr effect

Answer 48

O2 curve shifts to the right increase CO2 and increase H+ increase O2 release from Hb change in molecular structure of Hb that reduces its affinity for O2

Question 49

Haldane effect

Answer 49

Hb unloads O2 and uptakes CO2 CO2 curve shifts down increased O2 released from Hb causes increased CO2 and H+ uptake by Hb

Question 50

medulla

Answer 50

expiratory and inspiratory center

Question 51

what structures are found in the pons?

Answer 51

pneumatic center that controls the rate and pattern of breathing, protects from lung overinflation and inhibits apneustic nerve if overinflation occurs apneustic center controls the intensity of breathing and lower intensity during overinflation

Question 52

phrenic nerve

Answer 52

autonomic control of the diaphragm

Question 53

sympathetic activation

Answer 53

Contract more, more oxygen needed, stimulates the respiratory center

Question 54

central inputs

Answer 54

H+ can activate the respiratory center but they don't cross the blood-brain barrier CO2 can cross the barrier and it stimulates ventilation

Question 55

peripheral inputs

Answer 55

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies can deflect changes in blood

Question 56

gas exchange pathway

Answer 56

O2 from lungs goes to RBC in RBC oxygen binds to HB (HBO4) O4 unbinds and goes to tissues CO2 has a high concentration gradient and CO2 from tissues goes to the RBC in RBC CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3 HHB in RBC prevents any changes or alterations in pH in RBC, Cl goes in and HCO3 goes out during chloride shift CO2 goes back to the lungs in the form of HCO3