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Physhiology B > Lab midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lab midterm #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

normal axis deviation

A

lead 1, lead 2, lead 3 all positive

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2
Q

right axis deviation

A

lead 1 negative
lead 2 positive
lead 3 positive

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3
Q

left axis deviation

A

lead 1 positive
lead 2 negative
lead 3 negative

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4
Q

heart rate determination

A

HR in bpm (beats per minute) = 1500/# of tiny beads

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5
Q

PR interval

A

the time interval from the beginning of the P wave (the onset of atrial depolarization) until the beginning of the QRS complex (the onset of ventricular depolarization) through the AV junction

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6
Q

normal PR interval range

A

0.12 sec to 0.2 sec

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7
Q

prolonged

A

> 0.2 sec, indicates heart block

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8
Q

abnormally short

A

<0.12 sec, indicates less blood flow and lower cardiac output

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9
Q

SA block
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
absent p wave

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10
Q

first degree AV block
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
long PR interval

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11
Q

second degree AV block (Mobitz I)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
increasing PR intervals, until QRS is dropped or missing

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12
Q

second degree AV block (Mobitz II)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
multiple p-waves
can be 2:1 ratio or 3:1 ratio

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13
Q

third degree AV block
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II and pattern along entire strip
no association

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14
Q

right bundle branch block “RBBB”
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead V1 and/or V2 (right side leads)
R is left ventricle and R’ is right ventricle
two peaks, R and R’ where R’ is higher

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15
Q

left bundle branch block “LBBB”
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead V5 and/or V6 (left side leads)
R is right ventricle and R’ is left ventricle
looks like a plateu

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16
Q

right atrial enlargement (RAE)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II, III, and aVF (inferior leads)
tall p wave

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17
Q

left atrial enlargement (LAE)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

lead II, III, and avF (inferior leads)
lead I has a wide p wave
lead V1 has a biphasic p wave

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18
Q

right ventrical hypertrophy (RVH)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at leads V1 and V5 and V6
V1 and V2 are positive
V2 and V6 are negative

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19
Q

left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at leads in V1 and V5 or V2 and V6
sum of S wave in V1 and R wave in V5 is greater than or equal to 35nm

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20
Q

PVC criteria

A
  • no p wave
  • wide QRS complex
  • T wave usually points in the opposite direction of the QRS wave
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21
Q

Unifocal PVC

A

PVC looks the same in a given lead
Comes from the same source

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22
Q

Multifocal

A

PVC will look different in a given lead
Comes from different sources

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23
Q

Bigeminy

A

Every other beat is a PVC

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24
Q

Trigeminy

A

Every third beat is a PVC

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25
Quadrigeminy
Every fourth beat is a PVC
26
Ventricular tachycardia (V tachycardia)
3 or more PVCs in a row
27
R on T PVC
R wave of PVC occurs on T wave of the preceding beat
28
Ventricular Fibrillation (V Fib)
Rapid, irregular electrical signals cause the heart’s ventricles to quiver uselessly instead of pumping blood
29
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Sudden loss of heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm
30
Sudden Cardiac Arrest symptoms
- collapse - no pulse - no breathing - loss of consciousness
31
Symptoms before cardiac arrest
- chest discomfort - shortness of breath - weakness - tachycardia - palpitations (fluttering or pounding heart)
32
Causes of sudden cardiac arrest
- coronary artery disease - heart attack - cardiomyopathy - heat valve disease - congenital heart defect - long QT syndrome (LQTS) - atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation
33
Electrical phase
0-4 mins after cardiac arrest The heart still has a supply of oxygen and glucose. Conditions are favorable for resuscitation. The heart is prepared to respond to defibrillation.
34
Circulatory phase
4-10 mins after cardiac arrest Oxygen stores are exhausted; myocardial cells switch to anaerobic metabolism. CPR is needed to restore a supply of oxygen and glucose to enhance the possibility of successful defibrillation
35
Metabolic phase
Begins 10 minutes after cardiac arrest The heart muscle is acidic and ischemic, and begins to die. Changes of resection are unfavorable.
36
Defibrillation for..
V tach and BV fib
37
Defibrillation for..
V tach and BV fib
38
Defibrillation not advised for…
Asystole: absence of electrical activity Pulses less electrical activity
39
Cardiac management
- activation of emergency response - high quality CPR - defibrillation - advanced resuscitation - post cardiac arrest care - recovery
40
Crash cart
A self contained, mobile unit that contains life saving supplied and equipment that can be used during a cardiac or respiratory emergency within a medical facility
41
Drawer 1
Medications
42
Drawer 2
Incubation materials
43
Drawer 3
Airway suction materials used to clear obstructed airways, and maybe incubation materials
44
Drawer 4
IV starting equipment
45
Drawer 5
IV solutions
46
Drawer 6
Prepackaged kits for various urgent and emergency procedures
47
Drawer 6
Prepackaged kits for various urgent and emergency procedures
48
epicardium
outer layer, visceral layer of the pericardium
49
myocardium
middle layer, the actual muscle that contracts
50
endocardium
inner layer, the lining of heart chambers and vessels
51
coronary artery
vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium
52
direction of blood flow
from the epicardium towards the endocardium
53
coronary circulation
the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle
54
prominent plateau phase
long refractory period that prevents summation and tetanus
55
tetanus
prolonged contraction of muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli
56
muscles cells around the endocardium are the first to __ and last to __
depolarize, repolarize
57
muscle cells around the epicardium are the last to ___ and the first to ___
depolarize, repolarize
58
ischemic heart disease
lumen creates myocardial infarction when it gets clogged to a certain degree decrease blood flow and oxygen supply
59
ischemic heart disease causes
- smoking - hypertension - high blood LDL - diabetes
60
endothelial injury hypothesis
When the endothelial lining of blood vessels is injured, collagen in the basement membrane comes in direct contact with blood causing platelet aggregation platelets secrete platelet derived from growth factor (PDGF) that stimulate smooth muscle growth that narrows the blood vessel and slows blood flow, and initiation of blood clot
61
non-transmural infarction
a myocardial infarction that does not involve the full thickness of the myocardium
62
Types of ST segment depression
downsloping upsloping horizontal
63
downsloping depression
St segment going towards peak of T wave
64
upsloping depression
nondiagnostic for ischemia
65
horizontal depression
indicates myocardial ischemia
66
ST segment elevation
myocardial infarction ST segment above baseline
67
transmural myocardial infarction
lack of oxygen delivery (via coronary blood vessel) through the entire wall of the heart not enough ATP for the Na+/K+ ATPase pump to re-establish the concentration gradient cells generate action potentials of small amplitude cells in the epicardium are more affected than cells in the endocardium
68
inferior wall infarction
leads II, II, aVF
69
anterior wall infarction
leads V1, V2, V3, V4
70
lateral wall infarction
leads I, aVL, V5, V6
71
anterolateral wall infarction
anterior and lateral leads leads V1, V2, V3, V4 leads I, aVL, V5, V6
72
risk factors of heart disease
family history, smoker, high LDL, ect
73
sensitivity
the percent of individuals with heart disease that test positive for the disease
74
specificity
the percent of individuals without heart disease that test negative for the disease
75
angiography
can be used to confirm the existence and location of coronary artery disease medical imaging technique where a catheter is directed to a coronary artery and a radiopaque substance is injected in order to visualize the blood vessels
76
stent
catheder is directed into the occluded coronary artery and there is a balloon stent stent pushes the plaque outward against the arterial wall and the artery widens, restoring blood flow stent made of anticoagulant to prevent platete aggregation
77
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
open heart surgery for people with several coronary obstructions another blood vessel used to direct blood around obstructed area - saphenous vein or left internal mammary artery (LIMA) blood directed to a heart by bypass machine while blood vessel is attached higher risk or mortality, higher cost, increased recovery time

Physhiology B (11 decks)

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