Cardio Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Ventricular depolarization (ECG)
A
QRS Complex
2
Q
Most common mechanism for arrhythmia
A
Re-entry
3
Q
Most common mechanism of arrest in MI
A
Ventricular fibrillation
4
Q
No p wave, irregularly, irregular rhythm (ECG)
A
Atrial fibrillation
5
Q
Saw tooth pattern (ECG)
A
Atrial flutter
6
Q
Progressive increase in PR interval then drop beat
A
Second degree AV block Type 1 (Wenckebach)
7
Q
Constant PR interval then drop beat
A
Second degree AV block type 2
8
Q
Most common cause of death worldwide
A
CVD
9
Q
Slight limitation of activity
A
NYHA II
10
Q
Less than ordinary activity cause symptoms
A
NYHA III
11
Q
Systolic pulsation on liver
A
Severe TR
12
Q
Posterior calf pain on active dorsiflexion
A
Homan sign
13
Q
Single most important bedside measurement to estimate volume status
A
JVP
14
Q
Exaggerated fall in SBP>10
A
Pulsus paradoxus
15
Q
Pulsus paradoxus
A
COPD Shock PE Tamponade Tension Pneumothorax
16
Q
Weak and delayed pulses
A
Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
17
Q
Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
A
Aortic stenosis
18
Q
Sharp rise, rapid fall, collapsing pulses
A
Corrigan or Water-Hamme pulse
19
Q
Corrigan pulse
A
Aortic regurgitation
20
Q
Double peak pulse
A
Bifid or bisferiens pulse
21
Q
Bifid pulse
A
HOCM, AR
22
Q
Beat to beat variability of pulse amplitude
A
Pulsus alterans
23
Q
Pulsus alterans
A
Severe LVF, CHF
24
Q
Normal PMI
A
5th ICS LMCL,
25
Fix splitting of heart sound
ASD
26
Widely split heart sound
Right bundle branch block
27
Paradoxical splitting of heart sound
LBBB
| AS
28
S2 is best auscultated
Erb's point
29
Murmur with a palpable thrill
Grade 4
30
Most common congenital heart disease
VSD
31
Increase intensity of TR murmur with inspiration
Carvallo's sign
32
Earliest micro change in SHCVD
Inc in transverse diameter of myocytes
33
Most common cause of secondary hypertension
Renal parenchymal disease
34
Most common renovascular HTN
Medial fibroplasia
35
Gold standard for the diagnosis of renovascular HTN
Contrast arteriography
36
Most effective treatment for renovascular HTN
ACEI or ARB
37
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma/Conn Syndrome
38
Confirmatory test for primary hyperaldosteronism
IV infusion of isotonic saline
39
Screening test for hyperaldosteronism
Plasma aldosterone
40
Screening test for Cushing syndrome
Dexamethasone suppression test
41
Dexa test: low - not suppressed, high - suppressed
Pituitary adenoma
42
Dexa test: low - not suppressed, high - not suppressed
Adrenal tumor
43
Primary hormone secreted by pheochromocytoma
Epinephrine
44
Manifestation of pheochromocytoma
Vasomotor instability
45
Most common cause of congenital HTN
Coarctation of the aorta
46
Treatment for HTN + DM/CKD
ACEI, ARB
47
Treatment HTN + CAD
BB, ACEI, ARB
48
Treatment HTN + CVD
ACEI, ARB, CCB
49
BP goal: DM, CVD, CKD
130/80
50
Symptoms of HF
Dyspnea
| Fatigue
51
Signs of HF
Edema
| Rales
52
HF with depressed EF
Systolic HF
53
HF with preserved EF
Diastolic HF
54
Intra-alveolar hemosiderin laden macrophages
Heart failure cells
55
Most common cause of Right-sided CHF
Left-sided CHF
56
Right sided CHF caused by intrinsic lung disease
Cor pulmonale
57
Centrilobular congestion and atrophy of hepatocytes
Nutmeg liver
58
Major cause of HF in Asia
Rheumatic heart disease
59
Most common cause of HF
CAD
60
Most common manifestation of left-sided HF
Pulmonary congestion
| Edema
61
Most common cause of Ischemic Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis of the epicardial arteries
62
Most common type of Angina
Stable
63
Chest pain relieved by rest
Stable angina
64
Episodic chest pain at rest
Prinzmetal angina
65
Vasospasm
Prinzmetal angina
66
Progressively increasing chest pain at rest
Unstable angina
67
Most common cause of MI
Plaque rupture
68
Necrosis of the full thickness of myocardium
Transmural infarction
69
Necrosis limited to inner 1/3 or 1/2 of the ventricle
Subendocardial infarction
70
No gross change
0-18h
71
Vague pallor and softening
18-24h
72
Central pallor with red border
7-28 days
73
Coagulative necrosis
4-24h
74
Macrophages
4-7 days
75
Reversible injury
30 mins
76
Early formation of fibromuscular granulation tissue
7-10 days
77
Sudden severe substernal chest pain
MI
78
ECG change in MI
ST elevation
79
Cardiac marker elevated by 4-8h
CK-MB
80
Cardiac marker elevated by 3-6h
Trop I & Trop T
81
CKMB normalizes by
2-3 days
82
Troponin normalizes by
7-10 days
83
LDH peaks within
3-6h
84
Hallmark of infective endocarditis
Vegetation
85
Mass of platelets, fibrin, microorganism and inflammatory cells
Vegetation
86
Prosthetic valve endocarditis
S. Epidermidis
87
IV drug user endocarditis
S. Aureus
88
Most common site of IE
Mitral
| Aortic
89
Sterile vegetations
Marantic endocarditis
90
Marantic endocarditis is associated with
Small cell Ca of Lung
91
Mitral and tricuspid valvulitis with small sterile vegetation
Libman-Sacks disease/Endocarditis of SLE
92
Common cause of acute endocarditis
S. Aureus
93
Common cause of subacute endocarditis
Strep viridans
94
Most common valve affected in IV drug users
Tricuspid
95
Cause of indolent, culture negative form of endocarditis
Tropheryma whipplei
96
Prominent predisposing factor to develop IE in adults
MVP
97
Most common lab finding in IE
Anemia
98
Most common sign of IE
Fever
99
Most common peripheral manifestation of IE
Petechiae
100
Focal dilation of arteries weakened by infection and occlusion of vasa vasorum
Mycotic aneurysm
101
Most sensitive diagnostic procedure for IE
TEE
102
Duke's criteria
Infective endocarditis
103
Most common cause of heart transplant
Dilated cardiomyopathy
104
Most common cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
105
Interstitial and endocardial fibrosis of variable degree
Dilated cardiomyopathy
106
Most common dilated cardiomyopathy
Idiopathic
107
Second most common dilated cardiomyopathy
Alcoholic
108
Chemo therapeutic drug associated with dilated cardiomyopathy
Doxurubicin
109
Virus associated with cardiomyopathy
Coxsackie B virus
110
Common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
111
Gene associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
B-MHC
112
Hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Systolic murmur at left sternal border
113
Disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
114
Hallmark of restrictive cardiomyopathy
Abnormal diastolic function
115
Biatrial dilation
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
116
Common cause of secondary restrictive cardiomyopathy
Amyloidosis
117
Stain to determine presence of amyloid
Congo red
118
Prominent symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy
Exercise intolerance
| Dyspnea
119
Cardioprotective agent
Dexazoxone
120
Marked subendocardial fibrosis
Obliterative cardiomyopathy
121
Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
Myxoma
122
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
123
CHD associated with TAPVR
Sinus venosus
124
CHD associated with Down Syndrome
Ostium primum
125
Most common ASD
Ostium Secundum
126
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly seen in adults
ASD
127
Most common congenital cardiac defect
VSD
128
Most common type of VSD
Membranous
129
Swiss cheese septum
Muscular VSD
130
Exertional dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, right to left shunt
Eisenmenger Syndrome
131
Functioning connection between pulmo artery and descending aorta
PDA
132
Associated with Congenital Rubella
PDA
133
Machinery like murmur
PDA
134
Permanent closure of Ductus arteriosus
8 weeks
135
Pharma closure for PDA
Indomethacin (prostaglandin synthase inhibitor)
| Ibuprofen
136
Most common cyanotic congenital anomaly
Tetralogy of Fallot
137
Boot shaped heart
Tetralogy of Fallot
138
Determines the degree of cyanosis in TOF
Pulmo stenosis
139
Responsible for boot shape in TOF
RVH
140
Cardinal features of TOF
Pulmo stenosis
RVH
Overriding aorta
VSD
141
Treatment for Tet spells
Propranolol
142
Most common location of coarctation of aorta
Near insertion of ductus arteriosus
143
Associated with Turner syndrome
Coarctation of the Aorta
144
Hypertension in upper extremities
| Hypotension in lower extremities
Coarctation of the aorta
145
3 sign
Coarctation on the aorta
146
Snowman sign
TAPVR
147
Notching of the 3rd and 9th ribs
Coarctation of the aorta
148
Antibiotic prophylaxis for RHD
Penicillin
149
Microbe associated with RHD
GABHS
150
Most common cause of heart disease in children
RHD
151
Pathognomonic for Acute Rheumatic fever
Aschoff bodies
| Anitschkow cells
152
Pathologic change in rheumatic fever
Rheumatic granuloma
153
Most common presentation of ARF
Polyarthritis
| Fever
154
Hallmark of rheumatic carditis
Valvular damage
155
Valve commonly affected in ARF
Mitral
156
Atrial depolarization (ECG)
P wave
