Cardio, ANS, Hypoperfusion

Question 1

Name 3 sensors in the body that can detect hypoperfusion and their compensatory mechanism.

Answer 1

• Baroreceptors- Sympathetic response
• Osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus- ADH
• The kidneys- RAA

Question 2

Where do signals from the baroreceptors go?

Answer 2

Medulla

Question 3

Will signals from the baroreceptors increase or decrease when BP drops?

Answer 3

Decrease

Question 4

Which branch of the ANS is stimulated by centers in the medulla in response to decreased BP?

Answer 4

Sympathetic (SNS)

Question 5

Which branch will the ANS inhibit in response to decreased BP?

Answer 5

Parasympathetic (PNS)

Question 6

What are the two sympathetic centers in the medulla?

Answer 6

Cardioacceleratory and Vasomotor

Question 7

What is the one parasympathetic center in the medulla

Answer 7

Cardioinhibitory

Question 8

What is the compensatory effort stimulated by the cardioacceleratory center

Answer 8

Increased HR and contractility

Question 9

What is the compensatory effort stimulated by the vasomotor center?

Answer 9

Vasoconstriction

Question 10

Name two compensatory mechanisms that utilize conservation of sodium and water.

Answer 10

RAA

ADH

Question 11

Name three compensatory mechanisms that utilize vasoconstriction.

Answer 11

SNS
ADH
RAA

Question 12

How does the body regulate preload?

Answer 12

Venous pooling

Question 13

How is Ejection Fraction (EF) determined?

Answer 13

SV/EDV

Question 14

What is normal EF?

Answer 14

equal to/greater than 55%

Question 15

S1/LUBB is caused by what? And what is this called?

Answer 15

Closing of the AV valves

Systole

Question 16

S2/DUBB is caused by what? And what is this called?

Answer 16

Closing of the Semilunar valves

Diastole

Question 17

Under normal conditions which is greater going into a capillary bed? COP or CHP

Answer 17

CHP

Question 18

When HYPOperfused which is greater going into the capillary bed? COP or CHP

Answer 18

COP

Question 19

What are two major factors that occur in uncompensated shock that interfere with compensation which eventually leads to irreversible shock?

Answer 19

Acidosis and Cell death

Question 20

List the 4 effects of acidosis which intereferes with compensatory efforts of the body?

Answer 20

• Decreased 02-Hgb binding
• Decreased cardiac function
• Increased capillary permeability- third spacing of fluids
• Platelets and RBCs stick together= microemboli

Question 21

What are two effects of CNS cell death that interfere with compensation?

Answer 21

• Medullary cells die=loss of SNS compensation

- Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus die= loss of ADH compensation

Question 22

List examples of two toxins released by cells that interfere with compensation?

Answer 22

Myocardial depressant factor (MDF)- dead pancreatic cells

Platelet activating factor (PAF)- dead liver cells

Question 23

List two shocks that occur due in part to third spacing of blood volume.

Answer 23

Septic shock

Anaphylactic shock

Question 24

List three shocks that occur due totally or in part to decreased PVR.

Answer 24

Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic

Question 25

What effect does acidosis have on the heart?

Answer 25

Decreased heart function

Question 26

What effect does acidosis have on capillary walls?

Answer 26

Increased permeability