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Cardio Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

A

6.5-8.5 microns

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2
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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3
Q

Where are red blood cells mainly destroyed?

A

The spleen

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4
Q

What is the definition of an artery?

A

carries blood away from the heart

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5
Q

What type of artery is the aorta?

A

large elastic artery

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6
Q

What is the difference between an elastic artery and a muscular artery?

A

In an elastic artery the media contains abundant concentric sheets of elastin
In a muscular artery the media contains layers of smooth muscle

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7
Q

why are the walls of the vessels in the pulmonary circulation thinner than the walls of the vessels in the systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation is under lower pressure

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8
Q

What layers lie either side of the media in a vessel?

A

internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina

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9
Q

What is the main component of the adventitia?

A

collagen

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10
Q

What can be found in the adventitia of thick walled vessels that supply the media with blood?

A

vasa vasorum

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11
Q

Describe the arrangement of elastic fibres in an elastic artery

A

arranged cirumferentially

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12
Q

How can we define an arteriole?

A

3 or fewer layers of smooth muscle in the media

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13
Q

In what organs will you find sinusoids?

A

Liver and spleen

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14
Q

What are sinusoids lined by?

A

endothelium (fenestrated)

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15
Q

Describe the basement membrane in sinusoids

A

scanty, discontinuous or absent

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16
Q

What are the venules that come immediately after the capillaries called?

A

post capillary venules

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17
Q

What do post capillary venules have more of than capilllaries?

A

pericytes

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18
Q

In muscular venules what are the pericytes replaced with?

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

What allows arterioles to communicate directly with venules?

A

arteriovenous anastamoses

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20
Q

What do lymphatics have in common with veins but not with arteries?

A

valves

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21
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

56%

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22
Q

What percentage of blood is white blood cells?

A

1%

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23
Q

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

A

6.5-8,5 microns

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24
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

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25
What are the agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
26
What do monocytes become in tissues?
macrophages
27
What do basophils become in tissues?
mast cells
28
what are polymorphonuclear leukocytes also called?
neutrophils
29
How many types of cytoplasmic granule does a neutrophil contain?
3
30
What are primary granules in neutrophils similar to?
lysosomes
31
What do primary granules in neutrophils contain?
acid hydrolases and myeloperoxidase
32
What do secondary granules in neutrophils secrete?
substances that mobalise inflammatory mediators
33
What do tertiary granules in neutrophils contain?
enzymes and adhesion molecules
34
Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil
multi-lobed
35
Describe the nucleus of an eosinophil
bi-lobed
36
Which granulocyte has lozenge shaped granules with crystaline cores?
eosinophils
37
Eosinophils inhibit the secretion of which cell?
mast cells
38
How do eosinophils restrict the inflammtory response?
neutralise histamine
39
Describe the nucleus of a basophil
bi-lobed
40
Which cell increases in number during a parasitic infection
Eosinophil
41
What is the least common white blood cell?
basophil
42
What colour do basophil granules stain?
dark blue
43
What do basophil granules contain?
histamine
44
Basophils are the circulating form of which cell?
tissue mast cell
45
What do basophils have receptors for?
IgE
46
What do basophils release in response to allergens?
histamine
47
What is the diameter of a lymphocyte?
10 microns
48
What colour does the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte stain?
blue/grey
49
What type of T cell suppresses the immune response?
T suppressor cells
50
What type of T cell kills previously marked target cells?
T cytotoxic cells
51
What is NK cells short for? What do these cells do?
natural killer cells | Mainly kill virus infected cells
52
Describe the nucleus of monocytes?
reniform
53
Monocytes are classed as agranulocytes. Do they have cytoplasmic granules?
Yes. They have small cytoplasmic granules- mainly lysosomes
54
What can monocytes differentiate into?
``` tissue macrophages kupffer cells osteoclasts antigen presenting cells alveolar macrophages ```
55
What type of cell are platelets derived from?
megakaryocytes
56
What is the word for the formation of blood cells?
hematopoeisis
57
What type of cell do all blood cells come from?
haematopoeitic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
58
What is the sac called that the heart lies in?
the pericardial sac
59
What type of cell rests on a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue to make the pericardium?
mesothelial cells
60
What are the two different types of pericardium?
visceral and parietal
61
Which layer of the heart contains the coronary arteries?
the epicardium
62
What is the fancy name for muscle cell?
myocyte
63
What is the thickest layer of the heart?
The myocardium
64
Cardiac muscle cells form which layer of the heart?
the myocardium
65
What do intercalated discs contain?
gap junctions, desmosomes and adhering junctions
66
Where will you find the largest cardiac myocytes?
In the wall of the left ventricle
67
What type of granule do atrial myocytes have and what does this granule contain?
perinuclear neuroendocrine granules | atrial natriuretic hormone
68
What triggers release of atrial natriuretic hormone?
excessive stretching of the atria
69
Which hormones does atrial natriuretic hormone inhibit?
renin and aldosterone
70
Which layer in the internal lining of the heart?
the endocardium
71
Describe the endocardium
thin layer of fibrous connective tissue lined on its innermost surface by endothelial cells
72
what are the heart valves attached to?
the central fibrous body
73
Excluding the endothelial layers, what are the layers of a heart valve? And out of these layers which lies closest to the ventricle if we were referring to the aortic valve?
fibrosa spongiosa ventricularis- lies closest to the ventricle
74
What type of cells surround the heart valve?
endothelial cells

Cardio (8 decks)

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