Heart

Question 1

What is gastrulation?

Answer 1

Formation of the three layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 2

Which layer ( endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) does the majority of the cardiovascular system come from?

Answer 2

Mesoderm

Question 3

What does the first heart field develop into?

Answer 3

The left ventricle

Question 4

Which heart field do the atria and the right ventricle arise from?

Answer 4

The second heart field

Question 5

What are the three stages of heart formation?

Answer 5

1. Formation of the primitive heart tube
2. Cardiac looping
3. Cardiac septation

Question 6

The cardiogenic region forms in which week of development?

Answer 6

Third week

Question 7

What two tubes have developed by day 19 that fuse to form the single primitive heart tube?

Answer 7

Endocardial tubes

Question 8

What do the endocardial tubes fuse to from?

Answer 8

The heart tube

Question 9

What part of the heart tube forms the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 9

bulbis cordis

Question 10

In the heart tube, what does the bulbis cordis sit superiorly to?

Answer 10

The primitive ventricle

Question 11

What does the primitive ventricle of the heart tube form?

Answer 11

The left ventricle

Question 12

What does the primitive atrium sit inferiorly to in the heart tube?

Answer 12

The primitive ventricle

Question 13

What part of the heart tube forms the vena cava?

Answer 13

The sinus venosus

Question 14

Describe the movement of the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus in cardiac looping

Answer 14

move superiorly and posteriorly

Question 15

Where does the primitive ventricle move during cardiac looping?

Answer 15

To the left

Question 16

Describe the movement of the bulbis cordis during cardiac looping

Answer 16

Moves inferioly, anteriorly and to the right

Question 17

What are the common atrium and ventricle connected by before cardiac septation?

Answer 17

The atrioventricular canal

Question 18

Describe the circulation after cardiac looping and before cardiac septation

Answer 18

Blood enters the atrium, passes through the AV canal, passes into the ventricle, blood exits the heart via the truncus arteriosus

Question 19

What grows at the sides of the AV canal to form right and left AV canal?

Answer 19

Endocardial cushions

Question 20

Where can you find the apex beat?

Answer 20

Left 5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line

Question 21

What forms the right heart border?

Answer 21

Atrium and superior vena cava

Question 22

What is the heart mainly anteriorly?

Answer 22

Right ventricle

Question 23

What is the heart mainly posteriorly?

Answer 23

Left atrium

Question 24

What does the mediastinum lie between?

Answer 24

right and left pleura

Question 25

What does the plane that divides the mediastnum into superior and inferior lie between?

Answer 25

The sternal angle and T4/5

Question 26

Where is the sternal angle?

Answer 26

Where body and manubrium of sternum articulate

Question 27

Describe the layers of the pericardium

Answer 27

Fibrous-outer layer | Serous- inner layer

Question 28

What layers can the serous pericardium be divided into?

Answer 28

Visceral and parietal

Question 29

What side of the heart is the mitral valve on?

Answer 29

left

Question 30

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve on?

Answer 30

right

Question 31

What are the two semilunar valves called?

Answer 31

aortic valve and pulmonary valve

Question 32

How many cusps does the mitral valve have?

Answer 32

two

Question 33

What are the chordae tendinae attatched to?

Answer 33

At one end- either the mitral or tricuspid valve | At the other end- the papillary muscles

Question 34

Define arterial blood

Answer 34

Blood leaving the heart

Question 35

Define venous blood

Answer 35

Blood returning to the heart

Question 36

what kind of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

Answer 36

Deoxygenated blood

Question 37

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

Answer 37

Oxygenated blood

Question 38

Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

Answer 38

left

Question 39

how many pulmonary veins usually drain into the left atrium?

Answer 39

4

Question 40

What are heart muscle cells called?

Answer 40

cardiomyocytes

Question 41

Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate?

Answer 41

The base of the aorta

Question 42

What are the two major branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 42

Left anterior descending artery | Circumflex artery

Question 43

What are the two major branches of the right coronary artery (usually! Remember one can branch off the left coronary artery but this is less common)

Answer 43

The posterior descending artery | The right marginal artery

Question 44

What does it mean if someone has right dominant circulation?

Answer 44

Their posterior descending artery branches off from the right coronary artery

Question 45

What does it mean if someone has left dominant coronary circulation?

Answer 45

Their posterior descending artery branches off the circumflex artery

Question 46

How would you describe the coronary circulation of someone who's posterior descending artery is supplied by both their right coronary artery and their circumflex artery?

Answer 46

Codominant

Question 47

Where does the coronary sinus empty into?

Answer 47

The right atrium

Question 48

What vein does blood the myocardium supplied by the LAD empty into?

Answer 48

the great cardiac vein

Question 49

What vein does blood from the myocardium supplied by the circumflex artery empty into?

Answer 49

The posterior vein of the left ventricle

Question 50

What vein does blood from the myocardium supplied by then marginal artery empty into?

Answer 50

The small cardiac vein

Question 51

The myocardium that's blood drains into the middle cardiac vein is supplied by which artery?

Answer 51

The posterior descending artery

Question 52

At what stage in the cardiac cycle does the myocardium receive blood?

Answer 52

diastole

Question 53

Where in the heart will you find the fossa ovalis?

Answer 53

The right atrium

Question 54

What did the fossa ovalis used to be in the fetus?

Answer 54

The foramen ovale

Question 55

Where in the heart will you find the SA node?

Answer 55

The right atrium

Question 56

What are the collagen cords called that attatch valves to papillary muscles?

Answer 56

Chordae tendinae

Question 57

What does the pulmonary trunk split into

Answer 57

left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 58

What branch of the aorta gives rise to the right common carotid and the right subclavian artery?

Answer 58

Brachiocephalic artery

Question 59

List the layers of the heart and pericardium

Answer 59

``` Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Pericardial cavity Parietal layer of the serous pericardium Fibrous pericardium ```

Question 60

What can the epicardium also be called?

Answer 60

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 61

What is the outermost layer of the pericardium?

Answer 61

The fibrous pericardium

Question 62

What is the innermost layer of the pericardium?

Answer 62

Epicardium

Question 63

What lies between the epicardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

Answer 63

The pericardial cavity

Question 64

What groove does the LAD run in?

Answer 64

The anterior interventricular groove

Question 65

What groove does the Cx run in?

Answer 65

The left atrioventricular groove

Question 66

What is the least common coronary circulation dominance?

Answer 66

Left dominant

Question 67

What is the most common coronary circulation dominance?

Answer 67

Right dominant