Cardio Part 1 Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
3 main organs of the Cardiovascular System
A
Heart, Blood vessels, Blood
2
Q
Main function of the heart (supply O2 to body
organs)
A
Perfusion
3
Q
carry oxygenated blood
A
Arteries
4
Q
carry deoxygenated blood
A
Veins
5
Q
Fist-sized, hollow muscular organ that is located at
the center of the thorax
A
Heart
6
Q
Heart occupies the space between the lungs
A
Mediastinum
7
Q
The weight of the heart
A
300g
8
Q
Volume of blooded blood of the ehart
A
60 ml or 5L/m
9
Q
enlargement of
the size of the organ, particularly for the heart,
which has thickening walls)
A
Hypertrophy
10
Q
backflow of blood
from the lower chamber to the upper
chamber
A
Regurgitation
11
Q
● A thin fibrous sac that covers and protects the heart
A
Pericardium
12
Q
how many mL of fluid in the pericardial space that lubricates the surface of the heart and reduces friction
A
20mL
13
Q
surrounds or envelops the visceral pericardium, tough fibrous tissues, sternum, diaphragm, and vertebral column.
A
Parietal pericardium
14
Q
Supports the heart in the mediastinum.
A
Parietal pericardium
15
Q
3 Layers of the Heart
A
Epicardium. myocardium, endocardium
16
Q
the outermost layer of the heart
A
Epidicardium
17
Q
the middle and muscular layer that is
responsible for the pumping action of the heart. the strongest layer of the heart. Composed of muscle fiber.
A
Myocardium
18
Q
(inner layer) is the lining in the insides of
the heart and valves.
A
Endocardium
19
Q
A muscular wall that separates the heart in 2 halves: left and right
A
Septum
20
Q
A muscular wall that separates the heart in 2 halves: left and right
A
Septum
21
Q
Condition what the child would be born without a septum
A
atrial septal defect (ASD) and Ventricular septal defect (VSD).
22
Q
VSD has ____to ____ shunting, because the left side of the heart is stronger than the right side of the heart.
A
left to right
23
Q
Venous blood transfer from the right atrium to right ventricle during ____
A
diastole
24
Q
one that receives venous blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus returning to the heart
A
Right atrium
25
has venous blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and part of the chest
Superior vena cava
26
a has venous blood from the
trunk and lower extremities.
Inferior vena cava
27
has blood from the coronary
circulation (blood that nourishes the heart)
Coronary sinus
28
a muscular pump located behind the sternum It generates enough pressure to close the
tricuspid valve and open the pulmonic valve to
push the blood to the pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
29
Is the relaxation phase of all chambers
simultaneously
Diastole
30
Represented by P wave (atrial depolarization) in ECG and dub
Diastole
31
the contraction of the atria and the ventricles
Systole
32
TRUE OR FALSE: Atrial and ventricular systole are simultaneous
FALSE
33
TRUE OR FALSE: Atrial systole comes first followed by the ventricular contraction
TRUE
34
Ventricular systole or ventricular depolarization
is indicated by the _____
QRS complex
35
What condition wherein there is a problem in the QRS complex.
supraventricular tachycardia,
ventricular tachycardia
36
The valve between the atrium and ventricles
AV valve
37
The closure of AV valves is maintained by the ___ attached to ventricullar walls
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
38
is a 3 leaflet valve found between the right atrium and right ventricles
Tricuspid Valve
39
also known as bicuspid valve has 2 leaflets that are between the left atrium and left ventricle
Mitral Valve
40
Composed of 3 leaflets. Expected to be closed during diastole
Semilunar Valves
41
The valve between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
Pulmonic valve
42
The valve between the left ventricle and the
aorta
Aortic valve
43
the specialized cells that form an interconnected network of muscle fibers
Myocytes
44
Cardiac muscles are connected by junctions called
Intercalated discs
45
Without a constant supply of oxygen towards the heart, there will be a problem with coronary circulation, _____ may occur.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
46
The ability to initiate electrical impulses. The heart can initiate electrical impulses through the SA node
Automaticity
47
The ability to respond to an electrical impulse. By the time the SA node would fire an electrical
impulse, the heart will be able to respond.
Excitability
48
The ability to transmit electrical impulses from
one cell to another.
Conductibility
49
The tension developed and the velocity of
shortening of the myocardial fibers.
Contractility
50
It corresponds to the repolarization of the heart
or the ability of the heart to rest. This refers to the inability of the cell to respond
to any stimulus.
Refractoriness
51
is the exchange of ions that
creates a positively charged environment
intracellular ( inside the cell) and a negatively
charged extracellular space.
depolarization
52
occurs during the repolarization
phase or the resting phase.
Refractory period
53
Phase in Cardiac Action Potential where Cellular depolarization is initiated as positive ions influx into the cell.
Phase 0
54
Phase in Cardiac Action Potential where Early cellular repolarization begins
during this phase as potassium exits the
intracellular space.
Phase 1
55
This phase of Cardia action potential is called the plateau phase because the rate of repolarization slows. Calcium ions enter the intracellular space.
Phase 2
56
This phase of cardiac action portential marks the completion of repolarization and the return of the cell to its resting state.
Phase 3
57
This phase of cardiac action potential is considered the resting phase before the next depolarization.
Phase 4
58
Two Kinds of Refractory Period:
Absolute refractory period
relative refractory period
59
The cardiac excitability is canceled. The cell is completely unresponsive to any electrical stimulus. It is incapable of initiating an early depolarization
Absolute refractory period
60
The heart is beginning to recover gradually until it reaches its normal value. corresponds with
the short time at the end of phase 3
Relative refractory period
61
Will you be able to notice your refractory period?
No: the refractory period would only take milliseconds.
62
Generates and transmits electrical impulses that stimulate the contraction of the myocardium.
The Conduction System
63
Primary/Normal pacemaker of the heart. Found between the junction of superior vena cava and right atrium
SA (Sinoatrial Node)
64
Secondary pacemaker of the heart. Found between the right atrium and ventricle,
near the tricuspid valve
AV node
65
Transmits impulses from AV node to the
ventricles
Bundle branches/ Bundle of His
66
The terminal (last) point of the conduction
system of the heart
Purkinje fibers
67
Simulation of the vagus nerve is under what stimulation. It decreases heart rate
Parasympathetic stimulation
68
Stimulation that is responsible for Fight or flight response and increases heart rate
Sympathetic stimulation
69
Triggers the release of epinephrine and
norepinephrine (catecholamines).
Excercise
70
Enlargement of the heart
Cardiomegaly
71
any abnormality
on the electrical impulses in the heart
Arrhythmias
72
the most important electrolyte
Potassium (k)
73
have a significant role in
your cardiac contractility
Potassium and calcium
74
Produced by adrenal glands
Catecholamines
75
is released by the pituitary
TSH
76
Patients with ______ tends to manifest with tachycardia and palpitations
hyperthyroidism
77
The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute
cardiac output
78
Cardiac output formula
Heart rate x stroke volume
79
the amount of blood which goes out
of your ventricle every time the heart pumps or
contracts.
stroke volume
80
The average resting stroke volume is about
60-130mL
81
Resting cardiac output in mL
4-6mL/min
82
Number of ventricular contraction in each minute
Heart rate
83
Heart rate is controlled by the _____ nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS): Parasympathetic and sympathetic
84
Amount of blood ejected by the LV during each
contraction
Stroke volume
85
Amount or degree of myocardial fiber stretch at
the end of diastole.
Preload
86
Pressure or resistance that the ventricles must
overcome to eject blood through the semilunar
valve
Afterload
87
The resistance of the systemic BP to left
ventricular ejection is called systemic vascular
resistance.
Afterload
88
Contracting power of the heart
Myocardial contractility
89
slows down the heart rate but it makes the heart pump more effectively
Digoxin
90
is the amount of blood present in the ventricles at the end of the diastole, also referred to as ventricular and diastolic pressure.
Preload
91
measures the amount of fluid that enters the heart (right atrium)
Central venous pressure (CVP)
92
according to this principle the greater the volume of blood entering the heart during diastole, the greater the volume of blood ejected during systole
Frank-Starling Principle
93
is the amount of pressure the heart needs to
overcome in order to pump blood out of the heart.
Afterload
94
is the ability of the heart to contract, for the
cardiac muscles to contract as initiated by the SA node
Contractility
95
is a cardiac glycoside that decreases the heart rate however, it makes each contraction to be more effective thus, increasing the strength of every contraction which results in increased contractility
Digoxin
96
% of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat; ; used as a measure of cardiac contractility
Ejection fraction
97
Normal ejection fraction
Normal value = 55 – 65%
98
An ejection fraction of less than 40% is already an indication of
Heart failure
99
Three Major Sequential Events
Diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
100
Atrial systole augments ventricular
blood volume by 15% to 25% and is sometimes
referred to as
atrial kick
101
Supplies blood to the right atrium (RA) and
anterior of the right ventricle (Anterior RV)
Right coronary artery
102
Supplies also the posterior aspect of the septum, posterior papillary muscle, SA and AV node, and inferior aspect of the left ventricle
Right coronary artery
103
Left coronary artery: The artery from the point of origin to the first major branch is called the
Left main coronary artery
104
Two branches arise from the left main coronary artery:
left anterior descending
circumflex artery
105
supply the anterior left ventricular wall, anterior interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles, and left ventricular aspect
Left Anterior Descending
106
supply the anterior left ventricular wall, anterior interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles, and left ventricular aspect
Circumflex artery
107
Whenever you encounter a patient with chest
pain or discomfort, you need to ask for the
COLDSPA (character, onset, location, duration,
severity, precipitating, aggravating factors of
the pain experience of the patient.
108
the tendency of the pain is to be diffused throughout the
chest.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
109
Pain or discomfort in other areas of the body
including arms, back, neck, jaw, and stomach. If
there is chest pain radiating in these body parts,
this might indicate that the patient is having the
Acute coronary syndrome
110
an early symptom of heart failure and heart symptom that is only experienced by women
Shortness of Breathing (SOB) or Dyspnea on
Exertion (DOB)
111
Blood problem caused by dyspnea on exertion
Anemia
112
Whenever there is a change in LOC, you’ll be
suspecting
Shock
113
causes syncopal episode and dizziness
Decrease cerebral blood (cerebral hypoxia) flow
114
is a major risk factor for CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
Cigarette use
115
Two components in smoking that have been
implicated to coronary artery disease:
Tar
Nicotine
116
A substance with cumulative effect that
can be found in smoke from a burning
tobacco
Tar
117
Causes blood vessels to constrict
or narrow which limits the flow of the blood
to different organs
Nicotine
118
Worst class of obesity
Class III
119
Best time to take statins
at night (9 PM)
120
time of fat metabolism occurs
10 AM-2 AM
121
tissue that develops on the leaflet of
the bulb of the heart
vegetation
122
Patients with diabetes are given hbA1C
diagnostic tests, at least every______, to
detect if sugar control is very good or not.
6 months
123
the substance produced by
kidneys which leads to the blood to make
RBCs.
Erythropoietin
124
common vein used as alternative route in CABG
Saphenous vein and IMA (Internal Mammary
Artery)
125
TRUE OR FALSE: Beta-blockers (-olol) and calcium channel blockers (-ine) decrease blood pressure and slow HR
TRUE
126
used to treat blood vessel vasospasm
Calcium channel blockers
127
increase the risk for thromboembolic disease
such as DVT which can develop into an embolus
Contraceptive pill
128
Commonly used for depression
St. John's Wort
129
For the brain, _____ is the first sign
of hypoxia.
rritability or restlessness
130
Aorta is found in the ______, in the right
2nd ICS
131
Erb’s point can be located at the
3rd ICS
132
is a common finding in patients with HF and peripheral vascular diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis or chronic venous insufficiency
Peripheral edema
133
Apical pulse is present in the ______ of the left
midclavicular line.
5th ICS
134
If the apical pulse is palpated in two distinct areas and pulsations are paradoxical (not spontaneous or not simultaneous) you may suspect a
ventricular aneurysm.
135
If you have your broad and forceful apical impulse this may indicate
left ventricular heave or lift
136
a vibration or purring sensation, this could be caused by valvular heart disease, atrial or ventricular septal defect, stenosis, or a large artery such as a carotid artery.
Trill
137
Marks onset of systole and closure of the
atrioventricular valves
S1 (lub)
138
s1 is best heard in
Apex
139
marks the onset of diastole and closure of
semilunar valves
s2 (dub)
140
S2 is best heard at the
base of the heart (upper portion).
141
Occurs when it is possible to distinguish
between the closure of the aortic and pulmonic
valves.
Abnormal splitting of S2 (Paradoxical Splitting)
142
May occur with heart disease but they can also occur in some healthy people.
Gallop and Murmur (s3 and S4)
143
The presence of both S3 and S4 called
Summation or a Quadruple Gallop
144
The presence of both S3 and S4 called Summation or a Quadruple Gallop is an indication of
Severe Heart Failure.
145
Reflect turbulent blood flow through normal
or abnormal valves. Harsh, blowing, whistling, rumbling, or squeaking
Murmurs
146
Originates from the pericardial sac and
occurs with the movements of the heart
during the cardiac cycle.
PERICARDIAL FRICTION RUB
147
Can be used to visualize the heart.
Chest X-ray
148
It can help determine the size, contour, and position of the heart
Chest X-Ray
149
uses sound waves to produce an
image of the heart.
Echocardiogram
150
used to measure the ejection fraction
(percentage of the blood that goes out of the heart every time it pumps). It is also used to check the size, shape, and motion of
the heart.
Echocardiogram
151
Used to determine regurgitation through sound.
Echocardiogram
152
Determines the size and structure of the heart
MRI
153
Can give a detailed image of the heart, including
cardiac wall thickness, chamber dilation, valve and ventricular function, and blood movement into the great vessels
MRI
154
Displays the electrical activity of the heart, through the analysis of waveforms.
ECG
155
atrial depolarization
P wave
156
ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
157
ventricular repolarization
T wave
158
early ventricular repolarization
ST segment
159
ST-segment elevation (chair-like appearance) has evidence of
evolving MI
160
ST segment depression may identify the presence of
myocardial ischemia or injury
161
Recording of audible vibration coming from the
heart and great vessels.
● Phonocardiography
162
Valuable tool for detecting and evaluating CAD.
Stress test
163
determines the working
nature of the heart when it is made to go under
pressure.
Treadmill stress test
164
Done to determine which dysrhythmias may
cause clinical signs and symptoms that may not
occur during a routine ECG.
Holter monitoring
165
Referred to as Cardiac Biomarkers because their increase is specific to the cardiac muscle
Cardiac enzyme
166
a myocardial protein that is released
into the bloodstream with the injury of your
myocardial muscle.
Troponin I
167
Everytime Troponin I or T is released in the
bloodstream, it means that there is
injury to the cardiac muscle.
168
specific to MI and shows a predictable rise and fall during three days and the peak levels occur about 24 hours after the onset of chest pain.
CK-MB activity
169
Low molecular weight protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle
Myoglobin
170
Sedimentation rate which is an indication of
inflammation.
ESR
171
Neuro hormone regulates your blood pressure and fluid volume. useful for prompt diagnosis of heart failure
BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)
172
A BNP level greater than 100 pg/mL is suggestive of
Heart failure
173
A test using a special camera and a small amount of radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream to make an image of the blood flow to the heart.
Thallium scanning
174
Catheter is introduced into the heart and selected blood vessels to measure pressure and O2 sat.
Cardiac Catheritization
175
mapping the blood vessels of the heart to find out if there are any blockage in any part of blood vessels
Coronary angiography
176
Done through cardiac catheterization
Coronary angiography
177
Injecting contrast medium into the vascular system to outline the heart and blood vessels
Coronary angiography
178
Invasive procedures of monitoring the pressure in our body specifically in the heart.
Hemodynamic monitoring
179
Pressure at your superior vena cava and right atrium
CVP (Central Venous Pressure)
180
Normal CVP:
2-6 mmHg
181
Pressure is monitored through arteries. A probe is inserted towards the arteries and the probe
is attached to a catheter going towards the cardiac monitor wherein the blood pressure inside the body could be read.
Intra-arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring
