Respi (Part 1) Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
respiratory tract id divided into two airways:
A
Upper airways
Lower airways
2
Q
Acts as a viscous fluid that decreases the friction of the lungs towards the other organs of the mediastinum whenever it is expanding
A
Pleura
3
Q
The nose humidifies and warms the inhaled air by the presence of
A
cilia
4
Q
The nose is prone to bleeding or
A
Epistaxis
5
Q
Projections that divide each nasal cavity
A
Turbinates
6
Q
Three turbinates
A
Superior
Middle
Inferior
7
Q
Bones that increase the mucus membrane surfaces of
the nasal passages and slightly obstruct the air flowing
through them
A
Turbinates
8
Q
4 pairs of bony cavities that are lined with nasal
mucosa and ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium that drain into the nasal cavity
A
Paranasal sinuses
9
Q
4 sinuses
A
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
10
Q
Prominent function of sinuses
A
resonating chamber in speech
11
Q
Common problem in sinuses
A
infection (sinusitis)
12
Q
Passageway; a tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavity towards the larynx.
A
Pharynx
13
Q
It is a passageway for both respiratory and digestive tract.
A
Pharynx
14
Q
3 parts of pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
15
Q
Link the chain of lymph nodes guarding the body from
invasion by organisms entering the mouth and throat
A
Tonsils and adenoids
16
Q
Function: vocalization and facilitates coughing
A
Larynx (voicebox)
17
Q
Protects the lower airway from foreign substances
A
Larynx
18
Q
Watchdog of the lungs” - if there are any foreign
bodies that attempts to enter the airway, the _____ will act on it by facilitating coughing
A
larynx
19
Q
Serves as a flap of cartilage that covers the
opening of the larynx during swallowing.
A
Epiglottis
20
Q
Opening of vocal cords in the larynx
A
Glottis
21
Q
Largest cartilage structure. Part of it will form
Adam’s apple.
A
Thyroid cartillage
22
Q
Only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx.
Located just below thyroid cartilage
A
Cricoid cartilage
23
Q
Only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx.
Located just below thyroid cartilage
A
Vocal cords
24
Q
Smooth muscle, C-shaped rings of cartilage at regular intervals
A
Trachea (Windpipe)
25
Passage between the larynx and the right and left main stem bronchi. It enters the lungs through the hilus
Trachea (Windpipe)
26
Sponge-like elastic, cone-shaped organs. Airtight chamber
Lungs
27
How many lobes are there in the right lungs?
3
28
How many lobes are there in the left lung?
2: narrower and smaller
29
* Cavity that surrounds the lungs
Pleura
30
Lubricates the thorax and the lungs to permit smooth motion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity during expansion or during inspiration and expiration
Pleura
31
it lines the thoracic cavity, the lateral wall
of the mediastinum, the diaphragm, and the inner aspects of the ribs
Parietal
32
In the middle of the thorax, between the pleural sacs that contain the two lungs.
Mediastinum
33
can be used to evaluate for the cardiac and pulmonary functioning
X-Ray
34
surrounded by connective tissue that contains arteries, lymphatics, and nerves.
Subsegmental bronchi
35
Numbers of segmental bronchi on the left and right
L: 8
R: 10
36
Facilitates effective postural drainage in patients
Segmental bronchi
37
Order of lung segments
lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi -subsegmental bronchi - bronchioles- terminal bronchioles
38
Peripheral aspect of the bronchioles. Considered to be the transitional passageways between the conducting airways and the gas exchange airways
Terminal bronchioles
39
There is an alveolus but no gas exchange would
take place.
Physiologic Dead Space
40
Amount of air in the trachea-bronchial tree
that does not participate in the gas exchange.
About 150 mL
41
Contains air which does not participate in the gas exchange. They remain on the branches of the trees of the bronchioles
Anatomic Dead Space
42
The basic unit of the lungs
Alveoli
43
Type of cells that make up the alveolar epithelium
Type I and II
44
Account for 95% of the alveolar surface area and acts as a barrier between the air and alveolar surface
Type 1
45
Composed of about five percent of the cells is
responsible for producing the type 1 cells and the surfactant
Type 2
46
AKA alveolar macrophages, they try to
engulf foreign bodies that would go towards our alveoli
Type 3
47
Chemicals that reduce the surface tension of the alveoli
Surfactant
48
O2 Transport and CO2 removal is done through the thin wall of _____ and _____
Capillaries and alveoli
49
Gas exchange between the atmospheric air and the blood & between the blood and cells of the body
Respiration
50
Involves the process of inspiration and expiration
Ventilation
51
involves the process of inspiration and
expiration brought about by the size and increasing capacity of the thoracic cavity and the diaphragm
ventilation
52
Movement of the air: area of_____ pressure →
area of _____ pressure
higher to lower
53
Determined by the radius or size of the airway, lung volumes, and airflow velocity
Airway resistance
54
As resistance increases = gas flow _____.
decreases
55
Causes of increased airway resistance:
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Mucus, Tumor, foreign body
Emphysema
56
Characterized by a connective tissue
encircling the airways, thereby keeping them
open during inspiration and expiration
Emphysema
57
Elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thoracic structures
Lung compliance
58
determined by examining the volume –
pressure relationship in the lungs and the thorax.
Compliance
59
rebound of the lungs; decrease of the size
of the lungs in response to inhalation
Recoil/Exhalation
60
Loss ability of lungs to recoil will result in
_______
overdistention: e.g. emphysema- air is
trapped because lungs is not able to recoil
61
Decreased lung compliance is present in conditions of:
Morbid obesity
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary edema
Atelectasis
Pulmonary fibrosis
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
62
For ventilation to take place successfully, there needs to be a balance between___,___, and ____
air pressure
airway resistance
lung compliance.
63
Whenever there is acidosis, for the body to
compensate, the lungs will excrete____
CO2
64
If there is no adequate ventilation, CO2 stays in the body, eventually leading to ______
respiratory acidosis
65
During hyperventilation, the tendency of the body is to excrete CO2, eventually leading to _______
respiratory alkalosis
66
Generally, as the patient ages, the volume and the capacity of the lungs ______.
decreases
67
Amount of air (approximately 500 mL) moved in and out of the lungs with each normal quiet breath
Tidal volume
68
Amount of air (approximately 2100 to 3100 mL) that can be inhaled by forcibly over tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
69
Amount of air (approximately 1000 mL) that can be forced out over the tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
70
Volume that remains after a forced expiration of approximately 1100 mL
Residual Volume
71
Total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled by the lungs
Vital capacity
72
Vital capacity formula
TV + IRV + ERV
73
inhalation of dust (ex. Coal dust, stone dust, silicone dust)
Pneumoconiosis
74
protects the lungs from the
protease mediated tissue destruction
Antiprotease
75
Pack years formula
no. of packs/day x no. of years smoking
76
Main sign of lung disease
Cough
77
Color of sputum when there is bacterial infection
yellow or green
78
Smokers with chronic bronchitis have ___sputum
mucoid sputum
79
Excessive pink, frothy sputum common in ____
pulmonary edema
80
Chronic Bronchitis
Characterized by excess sputum
81
It is characterized by a rust-colored sputum
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
82
Foul-smelling sputum. there is a deposit of pus in the lung cavity
Lung abscess
83
is the presence of blood in the sputum
Hemoptysis
84
is the abnormal growth in the lungs
Adenoma
85
Grossly bloody sputum
Tuberculosis, pulmonary infarction, bronchial adenoma, or lung abscess
86
Continuous or made worse by coughing, deep
breathing or swallowing
Chest pain
87
Intermittent during sleep. Difficulty of breathing that makes the patient wake up
at night
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
88
Shortness of breathing that occurs when lying down. Relieved when sitting up
Orthopnea
89
High-pitched musical sound
Wheezing
90
Wheezing in inspiration indicates
Asthma
91
Wheezing in expiration indicates
Bronchitis
92
___is the narrowing of airways
Bronchoconstriction
93
Type of Wheezing. Low-pitched continuous sounds are heard over the lungs. May also indicate partial airway obstruction
Rhonchi (Sonorous)
94
Refers to the thickening of the fingertips. Common indication for cyanotic/hypoxic conditions, chronic lung infections, or malignancies
Clubbing
95
Refers to the bluish discoloration of the skin.
Cyanosis
96
indicates increased respiratory effort
Nasal flaring
97
could be a sign of epistaxis which
could be caused by a ruptured artery or blood
vessel inside the nasal cavity.
Bleeding
98
If the patient has experienced an injury and manifests glucose-containing drainage, you would suspect _____
CSF leakage
99
Tonsil grade of “kissing” tonsils
Grade 4+
100
If there is tender and movable nodes, it suggests ___
Inflammation
101
an equipment used to visualize the
larynx; optimal for pandemic as it doesn’t require close
proximity with the patient.
Laryngoscope
102
abnormal voice (hoarseness). This can be an
initial sign for ___
Laryngeal cancer
103
It is a technique that can help people with asthma or COPD especially if they are having episodes of SOB (hypoventilation).
Pursed-lip Breathing
104
Anteroposterior diameter and lateral diameter
ratio of 1:1. Common among patients with COPD.
Barrel Chest
105
AKA “Pectus Excavatum”. This is a condition in which the sternum is sunken into the chest.
Funnel Chest
106
AKA “Pectus Carinatum”. A rare deformity that causes the sternum to be pushed outward instead of being flush against the chest wall.
Pigeon Chest/Keel Chest
107
A musculoskeletal disorder that is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis
Kyphoscoliosis
108
Abnormal posterior and sideways curvature of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes.
Kyphoscoliosis
109
Regular cycle where the rate and depth of
breathing increase, then decrease until apnea
(usually about 20 seconds) occurs
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
110
Periods of normal breathing (3-4 breaths),
followed by varying period of apnea (usually 10-60 seconds). AKA “ataxic breathing”
Biot’s Respiration
111
Asymmetric bulging of intercostal spaces on either side of the thorax
Hemithorax
112
Happens because of air trapped in and under the skin, aka subcutaneous emphysema
Crepitus (crackling sensation)
113
These may occur in cases of tracheostomy if there is tight closure of tissue around the tracheostomy tube
Crepitus (crackling sensation)
114
is an abnormal presence of air in the thoracic cavity
Pneumothorax
115
Vibration of chest wall produced when the patient speaks
Fremitus
116
Fremitus is decreased in
pneumothorax
pleural effusion
bronchial obstruction
117
Fremitus is increased in
pneumonia
Abscess
118
normal sound of a healthy lung
Resonance
119
Sound: Lung tissue contains fluid or solid. This
might signal that there is a presence of mass or a lot of fluid is being stored in the lungs
Dullness
120
is an indication of air traffic.
Hyperresonance
121
The measurement of how the diaphragm can go during inhalation.
Respiratory Excursion
122
Diminished or absent breath sounds indicates ___
atelectasis or pleural effusion
123
Soft-high pitched, discontinuous popping sounds (inspiration)
Crackles
124
Continuous musical sound detected at . Commonly found in chronic bronchitis or
bronchiectasis
Wheeze
125
Deep low-pitched detected at expiration. Indication of narrowed tracheobronchial passages associated with secretions of tumors
Sonorous wheeze (Rhonchi)
126
Continuous, musical, high-pitched whistle-like. detected at inspiration and expiration. Indicates bronchospasm, asthma, and buildup
secretions.
Sibilant wheeze
127
Harsh crackling sound (two pieces of leather being rubbed together). Brought about by inflammation of pleural cavity (pleuritis) and pleural effusion (excess fluid in the pleura.
Friction rubs
128
Measures how much carbon monoxide in the body.
Smoke Analyzer Test (Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Test)
129
Standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine – the active substance in the cigarette
Fagerstrom Test
130
to identify the antibiotic that can be used
to treat the organism
Sensitivity
131
to identify sinusitis
Waters' View X-Ray
132
Used for patients with respiratory tract disorders to evaluate the status of the chest and provide baseline comparison with future changes.
Chest X-Ray
133
useful when an x-ray reveals a suspicious lesion,
because pulmonary soft tissue densities, pulmonary nodules, tumors, and blood clots can be seen.
CT Scan
134
reflects the efficiency of gas exchange
PaO2
135
adequacy of ventilation of the lungs
Alveolar ventilation (PaCO2)
136
reflects the activity of the kidney in retaining or excreting Bicarbonate
Acid-base balance (HCO3)
137
More detailed than x-ray and CT scan (microvasculature)
MRI
138
Could rule out stage bronchogenic carcinoma,
evaluate inflammatory activity in interstitial lung
disease, acute PE, and chronic thrombolytic
pulmonary hypertension.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
139
Prior to MRI assess for ______
claustrophobia
140
Refers to the flow of air into and out the alveoli
V = ventilation
141
Refers to the flow of blood to the alveolar
capillaries
Q = perfusion
142
This test would use a radioisotope substance to assess for normal lung function, pulmonary vascular supply, and gas exchange
Ventilation and Perfusion Scanning (V/Q scan)
143
Involves the use of gallium which is a radioactive substance
Gallium Scan
144
A disease that involves the abnormal collection of inflammatory cells known as granulomas
Sarcoidosis
145
There are deposits of inflammatory cells called as panda sign
Sarcoidosis
146
Detect and display metabolic changes in tissues. Evaluate nodules and malignancy
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
147
Insertion of a tube in the airways. Purpose: direct inspection and examination of airway structures and obtaining tissue sample for biopsy
Bronchoscopy
147
Insertion of a tube in the airways. Purpose: direct inspection and examination of airway structures and obtaining tissue sample for biopsy
Bronchoscopy
148
is intended to decrease the secretions and inhibit vagal stimulations
Atropine
149
If there is gag reflexpost-bronchoscopy, give ___
ice chips and fluids
150
Pleural cavity is examined with an endoscope and fluid and tissues can be obtained for analysis
Thoracoscopy
151
If the patient is complaining of SOB postthoracoscopy assume for the presence of
pneumothorax
152
Aspiration of pleural fluid & air from the pleural space
Thoracentesis
153
Insertion of a flexible tube (mediastinoscope) through the chest wall above the sternum into the area of the upper chest between the lungs.
Mediastinoscopy
154
Excision of a small amount of tissue on a specific part of concern to obtain sample for histologic analysis, culture, or cytologic examination.
Biopsy
155
The diagnostic standard for cancer
Biopsy
156
A fiber optic bronchoscope that ends in a brush
and this brush is moved back and forth to collect the specimen.
Transbronchial brushing
157
A tube is inserted in the bronchus with a needle at the end that extracts the specimen needed.
Transbronchial needle aspiration
158
A bronchoscope is inserted through the bronchus and the specimen will be collected using forceps at the end of the tube.
Transbronchial lung biopsy
159
The needle is inserted through the skin wherein
there is excision of a tissue done through a spinal needle or cutting needle for histologic study under fluoroscopy or CT guided.
Percutaneous needle biopsy
160
Could be used to detect spread of pulmonary
disease towards the lymph nodes
Lymph node biopsy
