Cardio (Part 2) Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Also known as coronary heart disease (CHD),
atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) or simply heart disease.
A
Coronary Artery Diseases
2
Q
A term applied to obstructed blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscles.
A
Coronary Artery disease
3
Q
abnormal accumulation of fatty
substances and fibrous tissue in the lining of your arteries
A
Atherosclerosis
4
Q
has a three-fold effect on our
heart
A
Cigarette smoking
5
Q
is both a stimulant and causes vasoconstriction to stimulate SNS which releases our catecholamines
A
Nicotine
6
Q
abnormality on our blood lipid levels)
A
dyslipidemia
7
Q
Characterized by hyperglycemia leading towards dyslipidemia
A
Diabetes Mellitus
8
Q
A hormone which we used to believe to have a
protective effect on the heart and the blood vessels.
A
Estrogen
9
Q
Goal is moderate-intensity aerobic activity of at least __ minutes per week.
A
75
10
Q
is considered to be at higher risk for stress and also for CAD.
A
Type A
11
Q
have a tendency to have more cardiac symptoms, but are less likely to report it
A
Type D
12
Q
Associated with higher levels of triglyceride and low density lipoproteins
A
Use of Oral Contraceptives
13
Q
Pain or pressure in the anterior chest. ● “Strangling of the chest”
A
Angina Pectoris
14
Q
Primary symptom of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction
A
Angina
15
Q
Predictable and consistent Angina. Occurs with exertion and relieved by rest
A
Stable angina
16
Q
Angina oftentimes relieved by nitroglycerin
A
Stable angina
17
Q
is a vasodilator, it improves the
blood flow towards that affected part of your
heart
A
Nitroglycerin
18
Q
Pre-infarction or crescendo angina
A
Unstable angina
19
Q
Symptoms increase in frequency and severity. ● May NOT be relieved by rest and nitroglycerin
A
Unstable angina
20
Q
“Intractable pain”. Severe incapacitating chest pain
A
Intractable/ Refractory Angina
21
Q
Pain at rest with reversible ST segment elevation
A
Prinzmetal (Variant) Angina
22
Q
Type of angina Caused by coronary artery vasospasm
A
Prinzmetal Angina
23
Q
Management of prinzmetal angina
A
anti-vasospastic agents to relieve the vasospasm
24
Q
There is objective finding of ischemia, a change is ECG which shows ischemia, however the patient is not showing chest pain
A
Silent Ischemia
25
TRUE or FALSE: In diabetes, there is a decreased perception even in chest pain
TRUE
26
A marker for the inflammation of vascular endothelium
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) -
27
A vasodilator, which improves the blood flow to the heart Hence, improving the oxygen supply to the heart. Reduce myocardial oxygen consumption
Nitroglycerin (Nitrates)
28
Sublingual dose of nitrate could relieve chest pain within
3 mins
29
DO NOT GIVE nitroglycerin IF THE SYSTOLIC BP IS LESS THAN
90 mmHg
30
Nursing responsibility before giving nitrates
Check BP
31
Prevent platelet aggregation
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
32
is a potent vasoconstrictor such as Captopril. Would prevent the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. Hence, decreasing the patient’s BP.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI)
33
an emergent condition characterized by acute onset of myocardial ischemia
acute myocardial infarction,
34
Vital for diagnosis to rule out myocardial infarction, must be done within 10 mins from the time of pain or arrival in the emergency room.
12 lead ECG
35
There is an abnormal Q wave while there is normal T wave and ST segment
old
myocardial infarction or acute myocardial
infarction.
36
ECG findings in acute MI
T wave inversion, ST elevation, abnormal Q wave
37
ST segment elevation in 2 contiguous leads (leads sharing a common border, evaluating the same part of the heart.
STEMI
38
Happens if the biomarkers are increased
but the ECG changes are not prominent
NSTEM
39
In MI, this increases within 4 to 6 hours after the onset of chest pain, peak within 24 hours
CK-MB
40
Reliable and critical markers of myocardial injury.
Troponin I and T
41
TRUE OR FALSE: Troponin I is more specific for cardiac problems than Troponin T.
True
42
drug of choice for MI
Morphine Sulfate
43
reduces pain and anxiety, thus lowering the preload and afterload, decreasing the workload of the heart.
Morphine sulfate
44
Given 3 times every 5 minutes (sublingually)
NTG (Nitroglycerin)
45
Medical management for MI
Morphine sulfate
Oxygen therapy
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
do MONA within 3-5 minutes
46
the best position for patients with MI.
best position
for patients with MI.
47
A balloon tipped catheter is used to open a blocked coronary vessel and resolve ischemia.
PTCA
48
Capable of dissolving the clot
Thrombolytic or Fibronolytic (streptokinase)
49
TRUE OR FALSE: Administering streptokinase (thrombolytic) needs to be counterchecked by an another nurse
TRUE
50
Golden period of thrombolytic administration
4 to 6 hours. Basis is the onset of pain
51
Creates new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart
CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)
52
The purpose is to improve cardiac function and assist the patient to return to as normal
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise
53
Begins from the diagnosis of atherosclerosis which is focused on the essentials of self-care and not yet the behavioral changes for the reduction.
Phase 1
54
Begins from the time the patient is
discharged. The patient needs to attend 3
sessions for 4 to 6 weeks but may continue
longer depending on his responses
Phase 2
55
Focused on long term outpatient
management, focusing on maintaining
cardiovascular stability and long term
conditioning
Phase 3
56
Disorders of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart
Dysrhythmia
57
the electrical impulses originatesfrom the SA node
Sinus Rhythm
58
Slower rate condition that originates from SA node
Sinus bradycardia
59
the distance between QRS complexes is wider means the heart rate is slower
Sinus bradycardia
60
TRUE OR FALSE: Epi should not be given in Sinus
Bradycardia. Epi should only be given to patients with cardiac arrest and anaphylaxis
TRUE
61
TRUE OR FALSE: Valsalva maneuver is
a parasympathetic response hence it would
aggravate bradycardia.
TRUE
62
Medication for sinus bradycardia
Atropine 0.5 mg
63
There is a normal HR but there are pauses.
Sinus arrest
64
There is an increase in the heart rate.
Sinus tachycardia
65
P wave tends to be normal and consistent with shape, it is always preceding the QRS but it may be buried through the T wave
Sinus tachycardia
66
Patient may sometimes says “my heart is racing”, what condition are you suspecting
Sinus tachycardia
67
Synchronized with the peak of the QRS complex. The low energy shock is given at the peak of the QRS complex. Given in condition of sinus tachycardia
Synchronized Cardioversion
68
TRUE OR FALSE: Cardioversion is synchronized; defibrillation is not synchronized
TRUE
69
TRUE OR FALSE: Cardioversion would try to restart the heart and awaken the SA node to the normal rate.
TRUE
70
TRUE OR FALSEL In the defibrillation, you look for the QRS complex.
FALSE
71
Two most common waves in defibrillation or 2
shockable rhythms that need defibrillation:
V tach
V Fib
72
compression in the carotid artery in such a way that baroreceptors will be elicited.
Carotid sinus massage
73
Sinus pause or Sinus block. SA node stopped firing
Sinus Arrest
74
The most common type of sinus arrest
Junctional Escape Beat
75
Electrical impulse starts before the next normal
impulse of the sinus node.
Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC)
76
Client verbalized “My heart skipped a beat.” indicating skipped beats
Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC)
77
A life threatening dysrhythmia
Atrial flutter
78
increased automaticity. rapid regular atrial rhythm still thought to be caused by increased atrial automaticity or increased atrial reentry mechanism
Atrial flutter
79
There is one QRS complex for several P waves
Atrial flutter
80
P wave: Saw-tooth pattern, are referred to as F
waves (fibrillatory waves)
Atrial Flutter
81
FLAT Line
scene safety, call for help, CPR, AED
82
Medication of choice in atrial flutter
Adenosine, Beta clockers (-olol_ and clacium channel blockers (-ines, -mils)
83
Most common sustained dysrhythmia.
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)
84
Rapid and uncoordinated twitching of atrial muscles
Atrial Fibrillation
85
TRUE OR FALSE: Atrial fibrillation is more dangerous than Atrial flutter
TRUE
86
Atrial Fibrillation Classification System (Types)
Paroxysmal
Persistent
Long-standing persistent
Permanent
Nonvalvular
87
A fIb type: sudden onset with termination that
occurs spontaneously or after an intervention; lasts <7 days, but may recur
Paroxysmal
88
A Fib type: continuous, lasting > 7 days
Persistent
89
AFib Type: continuous, lasting >12
months
Long-standing persistent
90
A Fib Type: persistent, but decision has been made not to restore or maintain sinus rhythm
Permanent
91
A Fib Type: absence of mitral stenosis, valve
replacement or repair
Nonvalvular
92
A Fib Type: absence of mitral stenosis, valve
replacement or repair
Nonvalvular
93
medications that were used to enhance
the success of the conversion to sinus rhythm
Amiodarone
Sotalol
94
destroys specific cells that are the cause of tachydysrhythmia.
Catheter Ablation Therapy -
95
slows conduction of AV node hence this
is the drug of choice for chronic atrial fibrillation
Digoxin
96
preferred medication, highly
effective in converting to sinus rhythm
Dofetilide (Tikosyn)-
97
The problem manifested in the ECG would usually be in the QRS complex and if not, T wave. Originates from foci within the ventricles
Ventricular dysrhythmias
98
Three Rhythms under ventricular dysrhythmias
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
Ventricular fibrillation (VFib)
99
An impulse that starts in a ventricle and is conducted through the ventricles before the next normal sinus impulse.
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
100
a contraction that occur earlier than it is expected
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
101
Types of PVC’s:
Unifocal PVCs
Multifocal PVCs
Bigeminy
Trigeminy
Couplet or pair
Triplet or Salvo
102
Type of PVC’s: when ventricular impulse is
initiated from one ectopic site. Appearance of QRS is uniform
Unifocal PVCs
103
Type of PVC’s: initiated from different ectopic sites, the appearance of QRS varies
Multifocal PVC's
104
Type of PVC’s: presence of one PVS noted every other beat
BIgeminy
105
Type of PVC’s: a PVC noted every third beat
Trigeminy
106
Type of PVC’s: 2 PVC's in a row
Couplet or pair
107
Type of PVC’s: 3 PVC's in a row. can lead to more complicated dysrhythmia which is ventricular tachycardia
Triplet or Salvo
108
3 or more PVCs in a row, occurring at a rate exceeding 100 bpm
Ventricular Tachycardia
109
Considered a shockable rhythm - can administer a defibrillation as long as the px does not have a pulse
Ventricular tachycardia
110
Manifestation: Pulseless and unresponsive (meaning patient is undergoing cardiac/cardiopulmonary arrest)
Ventricular tachycardia
111
medication of choice in Vtach
Amiodarone
Others: Procainamide and Solatol
112
placed inside the px chest cavity and it has the capacity to cardiovert and defibrillate thus, the device can deliver electrical shock to the heart
Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD):
113
Synchronous countershock
Defibrillation
114
Applied to an attempt to terminate a non-perfusing rhythm (such as V. fib or V. tach) if px is pulseless and unconscious (in arrest)
Defibrillation
115
TRUE OR FALSE: In defibrillation, one of the electrical pads is placed on the right upper
chest and the other is on the left lower chest.
TRUE
116
Two different Kinds of defibrillators:
Monophasic defibrillators
Biphasic defibrillators
117
Kind of Defibrillator: the current or electricity travels from one pad to another
Monophasic
118
Kind of defibrillator: The direction of the electrical flow is two-way, commonly used to date
Biphasic
119
A defibrillator same defibrillation set up that is being used to restart the patient’s heart after cardiac surgery. done in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries
Internal defibrillator
120
Extremely rapid, disorganized ventricular rhythm that causes ineffective quivering of the ventricles.
Ventricular Fibrillation
121
Basically the quivering of the heart, No atrial activity is seen on the ECG.
Ventricular Fibrillation
122
Ventricular rate greater than 300 bpm - too rapid to count
Ventricular Fibrillation
123
There are no recognizable QRS complexes. Ventricular rhythm is extremely irregular, without specific pattern
Ventricular Fibrillation
124
First drug of choice in arrest is?
epinephrine
125
The silent heart”
Ventricular Asystole (“Flatline”)
126
Absence of electrical activity in cardiac muscles. Cardiac Arrest
Ventricular Asystole (“Flatline”)
127
No rhythm, HR, P waves, PR intervals, and QRS
complex
Ventricular Asystole (“Flatline”)
128
Battery-operated generators that emit timed
electrical signals; triggering the contraction of the heart muscles and control the heart rate
Pacemaker
129
Types of Pacemaker: used in emergency, or elective situations that require limited, short term pacing
Temporary
130
Types of Pacemaker: best choice for life-threatening situations, used in long term dysrythmias
Transcutaneous
131
Types of Pacemaker: most common means of pacing the heart in emergency situations, passes through superior vena cava
Transvenous
132
Types of Pacemaker: Electrodes are insterted through the epicardium of the RV. This is permanent, indicating long-term management o dysrhythmias
Epicardial
133
Mode of Pacing in pacemakers:
Fixed rate (asynchronous)
Demand or stand by mode
134
Mode of pacing of pacemakers: it fires electricity as a fixed rate regardless of the dysrhythmias experienced by the patient
Fixed rate (Asynchronous)
135
Mode of pacing of pacemakers: only fires electrical impulses whenever there are abnormalities detected on the P-wave and the QRS complex
Demand or stand by mode
136
Unexpected death occurring within 1 hour of the onset of cardiovascular symptoms
Sudden cardiac death
137
is a vital system that is dependent on the
functioning of the brain
cardiac system
138
severe bleeding in the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke
139
Activation of medial services system
Call a code
140
Ratio for adults in CPR
30:2; administer 30 compressions when giving 2 breaths
141
TRUE OR FALSE: Every 2 minutes or every 5 cycles of CPR, check the pulse.
TRUE
142
Commonly applied in paramedic and hospital settings
ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support)
143
AVPU
ALERT. VERBAL, PAIN, UNCONSCIOUS
144
if patient had 1 rise of chest, patient may be gasping for air due to
FBO ( foreign body obstruction)
145
Opioid overdose right away administer
naloxone
146
Every __ mins u should give epinephrine to cardiac arrest
3-5 mins
147
Non-shockable rhythms
asystole
pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
148
There is presence of some arrhythmias, however, the patient is not having a pulse.
Pulseless Electrical Activity
149
used to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced airways
Capnography
150
crucial in both adequate perfusion and adequate blood flow.
Peripheral Vascular Assessment
151
Three Layers of arteries:
Intima- Innermost layer, made up of endothelial
tissues
Media- - Smooth muscles and elastic tissues
Adventitia- Connective tissues
152
Often referred to as resistance vessels
Arterioles
153
Often referred to as resistance vessels
Arterioles
154
The exchange of oxygenated blood and waste
products and carbon dioxide, takes place in
Capillaries
155
Driving pressure generated by the blood pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
156
Pressure driven by plasma proteins
Osmotic Pressure
157
mean pressure gradient across the valve divided by mean flow rate during systolic ejection
Hemodynamic Resistance
158
A muscular cramp type of pain or discomfort or
fatigue in the extremities
Intermittent claudication
159
a signal of aneurysm or a turbulent
blood flow within the blood vessels
Bruit
160
A non-invasive test which is a combination of
Doppler and Duplex
Duplex Ultrasonography
161
Provides cross-sectional images of soft-tissue
and visualizes the area of volume changes to an extremity and the compartment where the
change takes place
Computed Tomography Scanning (CT Scan)
162
Includes injection of the contrast media or radiopaque media into the venous system.. Then, successive X-rays are being taken to check the unfilled segments of the vein and the completely filled vein
Contrast Phlebography (Venography)
163
There is hardening of the arteries
Arterosclerosis
164
Involves accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood
components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissues
Atherosclerosis
165
Involves accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood
components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissues
fatty Streaks
166
Involves accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood
components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissues
Fibrous plaques
167
a balloon is inserted through the injured
blood vessel or damaged atherosclerotic blood
vessel to be inflated to increase the diameter of
the lumen of the artery
PTA
168
removal of the atherosclerotic plaque
Atherectomy
169
Form of intermittent arteriolar vasoconstriction that results in coldness, pain, and pallor of the fingertips or toes
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
170
Occlusive vascular disease in which small and
midsized peripheral arteries become inflamed and spastic; causing clots to form
Thromoangititis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)
