Cardio Part II

Question 1

Pulse pressure is the difference between what two pressures?

Answer 1

Systolic-diastolic

Question 2

Increased speed of ejection during SV does what to pulse pressure?

Answer 2

Increases it

Question 3

Lowering arterial compliance affects pulse pressure in what way?

Answer 3

Increases it

Question 4

What does arteriosclerosis refer to?

Answer 4

Stiffening of arteries with age

Question 5

What is mean arterial pressure?

Answer 5

Cardiac output x Total Peripheral Resistance

Question 6

Why is velocity so low through the capillaries?

Answer 6

Its highly branched and allows for diffusion

Question 7

How much fluid a day does the lymphatic system pick up?

Answer 7

4L

Question 8

Leaked fluid during capillary exchange is picked up by what system?

Answer 8

Lymphatic system

Question 9

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 9

Sense low blood pressure

Question 10

How is Ca2+ permeability on the L type Ca2+ channel changed?

Answer 10

Phosphorylation

Question 11

How is the rate of relaxation increased in sympathetic regulation?

Answer 11

Phosphorylation of troponin and the Ca2+ ATPase pumps

Question 12

Which vessel is the site of gas exchange and diffusion?

Answer 12

Capillaries

Question 13

Which vessel has high elasticity and low compliance?

Answer 13

Arteries

Question 14

Which vessel has high compliance and low elasticity?

Answer 14

Veins

Question 15

Blood pressure is a ratio between which two pressures?

Answer 15

Systolic/diastolic

Question 16

Maximum pressure in the arteries

Answer 16

Systolic pressure

Question 17

Minimal arterial pressure before ventricular ejection

Answer 17

Diastolic pressure

Question 18

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 18

Pressure found at pulse sites

Question 19

Increased stroke volume does what to pulse pressure?

Answer 19

Increases it

Question 20

What do chromotropic effects act on?

Answer 20

The SA node

Question 21

How does parasympathetic drive lower the heart rate?

Answer 21

Increased potassium permeability, hyperpolarizes the SA node

Question 22

What type of receptor does acetylcholine act on?

Answer 22

Muscarinic receptors

Question 23

Sympathetic drive increasing heart rate is an example of what effect?

Answer 23

Chronotropic effects

Question 24

How does sympathetic drive increase heartrate?

Answer 24

Increases Naf permeability on SA node, exciting it

Question 25

What are dromotropic effects?

Answer 25

Changes in speed of signal spread through atria and av node

Question 26

Increase of signal spread through atria and av node

Answer 26

Sympathetic drive

Question 27

Decrease of signal spread through atria and AV node

Answer 27

Parasympathetic

Question 28

What factors affect stroke volume?

Answer 28

EDV, sympathetic drive input to ventricles and afterload changes

Question 29

What are afterload changes?

Answer 29

Arterial pressures that blood faces as it leaves the ventricles

Question 30

If EDV increases, what else increaases?

Answer 30

SV

Question 31

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

Answer 31

Law describing cardiac output, increased EDV = increased SV

Question 32

What is venous return?

Answer 32

Blood coming back to the heart

Question 33

What are effects on contractility referred to as?

Answer 33

Inotropic

Question 34

What is cardiac contracility?

Answer 34

Strength of contraction at a given EDV

Question 35

An increased rate of rise of force and peak force is associated with the phosphorylation of what two channels?

Answer 35

L-type Ca2+ channels and the RyR on SR membranes

Question 36

What is the heart emptying phase called?

Answer 36

Systole

Question 37

What is the heart filling phase?

Answer 37

Diastole

Question 38

When is ventricular pressure at its lowest?

Answer 38

The mid-late ventricular filling phase

Question 39

AVs are open and semilunars are closed during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 39

Mid-late ventricular filling

Question 40

When is the pressure in the ventricles lowest during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 40

Mid-late ventricular filling phase

Question 41

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the P wave?

Answer 41

Mid-late ventricular filling phase

Question 42

What triggers the SA node to fire during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 42

When the ventricles are finished filling with blood

Question 43

What happens right before the atria contract?

Answer 43

The SA node fires and depolarizes the atria

Question 44

What is EDV?

Answer 44

End diastolic volume, happens at the end of the ventricular filling phase

Question 45

What causes the ventricles to completely fill to EDV?

Answer 45

Atria contract

Question 46

What is the first heart sound associated with?

Answer 46

Closing of the AV valves

Question 47

What causes the AVs to close during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 47

Rising ventricular pressure during isovolumetric contraction

Question 48

Why is it called isovolumetric contraction?

Answer 48

All heart valves are closed during the contraction, blood volume remains at EDV

Question 49

True or false: isovolumetric contraction happens at EDV

Answer 49

True

Question 50

QRS complex is at the beginning of what phase in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 50

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 51

Which valves are open during ventricular ejection?

Answer 51

The semilunars

Question 52

When is ventricular pressure at its highest during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 52

Ventricular ejection

Question 53

What is ESV?

Answer 53

End systolic volume, remaining volume after ventricular ejection

Question 54

When is ventricular pressure greater than atrial but lower than aortic?

Answer 54

During isovolumetric relaxation

Question 55

When is the second heart sound heard?

Answer 55

During isovolumetric contraction

Question 56

Which valves closing causes the second heart sound?

Answer 56

Semilunars

Question 57

First heart sound - lub

Answer 57

AVs close

Question 58

Second heart sound - dub

Answer 58

Semilunars close

Question 59

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is happening during the ST segment of the ekg?

Answer 59

Ventricular ejection

Question 60

The T wave finishes during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 60

Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 61

During early ventricular filling, is ventricular pressure greater or lower than atrial pressure?

Answer 61

Lower

Question 62

What is stroke volume? (SV)

Answer 62

Volume of blood pumped out of ventricles

Question 63

What is the volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction called?

Answer 63

End systolic volime (ESV)

Question 64

The percentage of blood pumped out is referred to as what?

Answer 64

Ejection fraction - SV/EDV

Question 65

What is the average ejection fraction (EF)?

Answer 65

55-65%

Question 66

What ejection fraction is indicative of hypertrophy?

Answer 66

75%

Question 67

What ejection fraction is a sign of heart failure?

Answer 67

Under 40%

Question 68

What is a measure of how much blood gets pumped out?

Answer 68

Carciac output

Question 69

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 69

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 70

What is the average CO at rest?

Answer 70

5L/min