Respiratory System

Question 1

Inhalation and exhalation are also referred to as what?

Answer 1

Inspiration and expiration

Question 2

What makes up 80-90% of alveoli cells?

Answer 2

Type I cells

Question 3

Which alveoli cells are the site of gas exchange?

Answer 3

Type I

Question 4

Surfactant is made by what type of cells?

Answer 4

Type II alveoli cells

Question 5

Surfactant is composed of what?

Answer 5

Phospholipids and protein

Question 6

Why do premature babies experience respiratory distress?

Answer 6

Not enough surfactant

Question 7

What stimulates surfactant productions?

Answer 7

Steroids

Question 8

Palv refers to what?

Answer 8

Pressure in the lungs

Question 9

What does Patm refer to?

Answer 9

Atmospheric pressure

Question 10

Patm is set to what value by default?

Answer 10

0

Question 11

What does Pip refer to?

Answer 11

Intrapleural pressure, suctions lungs to chest wall

Question 12

Pip is positive or negative?

Answer 12

Negative

Question 13

Ptp is the difference between what two pressures?

Answer 13

Palv-Pip

Question 14

During which phase of the respiratory cycle is the diaphragm pushed down?

Answer 14

Inhalation

Question 15

When is Pip the most negative?

Answer 15

Peak of inhalation

Question 16

When is Ptp the highest?

Answer 16

Peak of inhalation

Question 17

The diaphragm relaxes during which stage of the respiratory cycle?

Answer 17

Exhalation

Question 18

The external intercostals are associated with inhalation or exhalation?

Answer 18

Inhalation

Question 19

The internal intercostals are associated with forced exhalation or inhalation?

Answer 19

Forced exhalation

Question 20

Which muscles are associated with passive exhalation?

Answer 20

Diaphragm

Question 21

What is lung compliance?

Answer 21

Ability of lungs to return to normal after stretching

Question 22

Change in volume/Change in Ptp refers to what?

Answer 22

Compliance

Question 23

Low compliance in the lungs is associated with what?

Answer 23

Fibrosis

Question 24

What is the level of lung compliance in emphysema?

Answer 24

High

Question 25

How is fibrosis associated with pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 25

Fibrosis can compress the lung capillaries

Question 26

Increased tidal volume occurs in fibrosis or empysema?

Answer 26

Fibrosis

Question 27

What is emphysema?

Answer 27

Floppy lung, lung can inflate easily but doesn't deflate easily

Question 28

What is the cause of emphysema?

Answer 28

Smoking, air pollution

Question 29

Self destructing alveola occurs in which pathology?

Answer 29

Emphysema

Question 30

Hypoxia refers to what?

Answer 30

Low oxygen - decreased area for gas exchange

Question 31

Hypoxia occurs in which pathology?

Answer 31

Emphysema

Question 32

What is a treatment for emphysema?

Answer 32

Bronchodilators, inhaled steroids

Question 33

What is tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 33

Regular volume (inhale, exhale) at rest

Question 34

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 34

Extra lung volume for deep inhalation

Question 35

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 35

Additional lung volume for deep exhalation

Question 36

What is RV (residual volume)?

Answer 36

Extra air in the lungs, always remains

Question 37

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Answer 37

ERV + IRV + TV

Question 38

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

Answer 38

RV + VC

Question 39

What is the difference between TLC and VC?

Answer 39

TLC is the whole lung capacity, whereas VC is the usable lung capacity

Question 40

What is FEV1/FVC ratio used for?

Answer 40

Ratio of lung functioning

Question 41

How do CO2 and O2 flow in the lungs?

Answer 41

O2 travels from alveoli to blood, CO2 travels from blood to the alveoli

Question 42

How do CO2 and O2 flow in tissues?

Answer 42

O2 flows from blood to tissue, CO2 flows from tissue to blood

Question 43

What is the arterial PO2?

Answer 43

100mmHg

Question 44

What is the PO2 in venous circulation?

Answer 44

40mmHg

Question 45

Hyperventilation is an increase or decrease in CO2 levels?

Answer 45

Decrease of CO2 compared to production

Question 46

Hypoventilation is an increase or decrease of CO2?

Answer 46

Increase of CO2 production, not exhaling enough out

Question 47

How does increased pH shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 47

to the right

Question 48

Increased temperature shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve how?

Answer 48

to the right

Question 49

The pneumotaxic center and apneustic center are located in the pons or the medulla?

Answer 49

The pons

Question 50

The DRG and VRG are located in the pons or the medulla?

Answer 50

Medulla

Question 51

What function does the DRG serves?

Answer 51

Fires to cause inhalation

Question 52

What function does the VRG serve?

Answer 52

Fires to cause exhalation

Question 53

Which intercostal muscle does the DRG innervate?

Answer 53

The external intercostal

Question 54

Which intercostal does the VRG innervate?

Answer 54

Internal intercostal

Question 55

The pre-Botzinger complex is associated with the VRG or the DRG?

Answer 55

The VRG

Question 56

What is the function of the pre-Botzinger complex?

Answer 56

Controls rhythm, sets basal respiratory rate

Question 57

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors?

Answer 57

Peripheral and central

Question 58

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 58

In the aortic and carotid bodies

Question 59

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 59

In the medulla oblongata

Question 60

Which gas is the central chemoreceptor not sensitive to?

Answer 60

Oxygen

Question 61

What does the central chemoreceptor do?

Answer 61

Monitor changes in H+ in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 62

PO2 under 60mmHg stimulates which receptor?

Answer 62

The peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 63

Hyperventilation is used to compensate for an increase or decrease in H+?

Answer 63

Increase