Neuro

Question 1

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Answer 1

Dynamic constancy

Question 2

What does negative feedback do?

Answer 2

An increase or decrease in a variable causes a response that moves variables in the opposite direction

Question 3

What is positive feedback?

Answer 3

An accelerated, explosive system, and the feedback stops when the stimulus does

Question 4

Birth, blood clotting, and sexual orgasm are examples of what type of feedback?

Answer 4

Positive

Question 5

Responses to Na+ change, temperature change, and blood pressure changes are what type of feedback?

Answer 5

Negative

Question 6

The stimulus strength affects spike height in action potentials or local potentials?

Answer 6

Local potentials

Question 7

Stimulus strength affects frequency in action potentials or local potentials?

Answer 7

Action potential

Question 8

What triggers local potentials?

Answer 8

Ligand binding

Question 9

Which can sum, between action potentials and local potentials?

Answer 9

Local potentials

Question 10

What causes voltage-gated ion channels to open?

Answer 10

Membrane depolarization

Question 11

What opens the voltage gated Ca2+ channel of the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 11

The action potential and Na+ entry

Question 12

What does calcium do in the pre-synaptic axon?

Answer 12

Helps synaptic vesicles fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters

Question 13

Which type of receptor is a receptor and a channel?

Answer 13

Ionotropic

Question 14

Which receptor type is slow and longer lasting?

Answer 14

Metabotropic

Question 15

What activates a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 15

Neutrotransmitter binds, activates g-proteins, g-proteins activate the receptor

Question 16

What do G-proteins do?

Answer 16

Activate metabotropic receptors when stimulated by neurotransmitters

Question 17

What does cocaine inhibit the reuptake of?

Answer 17

Dopamine

Question 18

Which medication hyperpolarizes excited cells?

Answer 18

Anti-anxiety medication

Question 19

Which medication acts like GABA towards excited cells?

Answer 19

Anti-anxiety medication

Question 20

Which drug blocks the modulatory interneuron?

Answer 20

Dopamine

Question 21

Inhibitory or excitatory? NT binds to ionotropic receptor, chlorine flux. Chlorine high outside compared to inside

Answer 21

Inhibitory - negative ions coming in

Question 22

Excitatory or inhibitory? NT binds to metabotropic receptor, second messenger cascade closes a calcium channel

Answer 22

Inhibitory, loss of positive ion flux

Question 23

Calcium is high inside or outside cells?

Answer 23

Very high outside

Question 24

What is happening at rest at the sarcomere?

Answer 24

Tropomyosin is covering the myosin binding site on the actin

Question 25

Where is the myosin binding site?

Answer 25

Actin

Question 26

What causes tropomoysin to pull off the myosin binding site?

Answer 26

Calcium binds to troponin

Question 27

Acetylcholine binds to what receptor on the muscle cell endplate?

Answer 27

Nicotinic receptor

Question 28

What type of receptor is a nicotinic receptor?

Answer 28

Metabotropic

Question 29

What does the nicotinic receptor do on the muscle cell endplate?

Answer 29

Opens channels, Na+ influx

Question 30

The action potential propagates down the muscle cell membrane and hits what?

Answer 30

DHP membrane

Question 31

How is the Ryanodine receptor opened?

Answer 31

DHP changes conformation, communicates with and opens the Ryanodine receptor

Question 32

Where is calcium being held in the muscle cell?

Answer 32

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Question 33

How does calcium exit the SR?

Answer 33

Ryanodine receptor on the SR opens to allow calcium into the muscle cell cytoplasm

Question 34

What is the calcium source for muscle excitation?

Answer 34

Extracellular