Cardio Pt 2

Question 1

heart sounds are created by valve _______

Answer 1

Only thing to know probably is that heart sounds are created by valve CLOSURE

Question 2

vagal maneuvers, which are used for a _______ arrhythmia.

Can increase or decrease _____________ heart muscle by ________

Answer 2

vagal maneuvers, which are used for a FAST arrhythmia.

Can DECREASE the STRENGTH of heart muscle by 20%-30%

Question 3

closure of A-V valves (mitral + tricuspid) is which heart sound

Answer 3

S1 = closure of A-V valves (mitral + tricuspid)

Question 4

closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) is which heart sound

Answer 4

S2 = closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) (S2 is end of systole)

Question 5

S1 to S2 corresponds to ________

Answer 5

S1 to S2 corresponds to SYSTOLE

Question 6

S2 to S1 corresponds to ____________

Answer 6

S2 to S1 corresponds to DIASTOLE

Question 7

Coronary blood flow increases up to ________ in an adult from rest to max

Answer 7

4x

Question 8

Rate Pressure Product (RPP) equation

Answer 8

HR x SBP = RPP

Rate almost always applies to HR
Pressure almost always applies to BP
Product is multiplication

Question 9

________ blood flow is determined by how much blood flow a tissue wants

Answer 9

LOCAL blood flow is determined by how much blood flow a tissue wants

Question 10

Organ that requires the MOST Blood:

Answer 10

Liver (27%) = 1350 mL/min

Question 11

Organ that requires the 2nd MOST Blood:

Answer 11

Kidneys (22%) = 1100 mL/min

Question 12

Other Organs that requires the a lot of Blood:

Answer 12

Muscles (15%) = 750 mL/min
Brain (14%) = 700 mL/min
Not as important to know the numbers

Question 13

How to control acute blood flow?
How long does it take?
Via?

Answer 13

Local VASODILATION/CONSTRICTION of capillaries
Seconds to minutes to occur
Via Arterioles/metarterioles/capillary sphincters

Question 14

How to control Long-term blood flow

Answer 14

More capillaries
Bigger capillaries

Question 15

Hypoxia causes?
What does body want?
Vasodilators?

Answer 15

Hypoxia causes VASODILATION/VASCULARIZATION,
as your body wants to get blood to the hypoxic tissue.
NO, Adenosine, CO2, histamine, Potassium, Hydrogen

Question 16

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
Can sense presence of ________, and they adjust based on that.
Sensing done by __________

Answer 16

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
Can sense presence of SODIUM, and they adjust based on that.
Sensing done by MACULA DENSA

Question 17

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
If Na is low = dilate _______ arterioles = _________ renal blood flow and GFR.

Answer 17

If Na is low = dilate AFFERENT arterioles = INCREASED renal blood flow and GFR.

(Afferent dilated because we need more blood because blood follows Na)

Question 18

KIDNEYS (Renal blood flow)
If Na is high = dilate __________ arterioles = ___________ renal blood flow and GFR

Answer 18

If Na is high = dilate EFFERENT arterioles = DECREASED renal blood flow and GFR

(Efferent dilated because we are blood overloaded because blood follows Na)

Question 19

BRAIN blood flow
Your brain does not like excess _______ or _______.
It will _________ itself to get rid of ^

Answer 19

BRAIN
Your brain does not like excess CO2 or H+ (Acids)
It will dilate itself to get rid of ^

Question 20

SKIN blood flow
Mainly for ___________
____________ is used to reduce _________.
AKA more blood flow to skin = __________

Answer 20

SKIN
Mainly for heat LOSS/RETENTION
FLUSHING is used to reduce HEAT.
AKA more blood flow to skin = HEAT LOSS

Question 21

Nitric Oxide is an _________ derived factor that __________ smooth muscle when it penetrates

Answer 21

Nitric Oxide is an ENDOTHELIAL derived factor that VASODILATES smooth muscle when it penetrates

Question 22

Nitric Oxide
______ can trigger release, AKA your blood cells are ZOOMING past the endothelium and dragging it open, release NO so it gets _______.

____________(vasoconstrictor), can release NO as a safety mechanism so _______ doesn’t overly constrict you.

Answer 22

Shear STRESS can trigger release, AKA your blood cells are zooming past the endothelium and dragging it open, release NO so it gets WIDER.
ANGOITENSIN 2 (vasoconstrictor), can release it as a safety mechanism so AT2 doesn’t overly constrict you.
possibly via HTN

Question 23

Angiogenesis

Answer 23

Neovasularization

Making more capillaries/vascularity to match metabolic needs of tissues.

Seen in injured tissue, but also in cancer.

Question 23

How to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (Blood pressure)

Answer 23

MAP = DBP + ⅓(SBP-DBP). Very Important*

Question 23

Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is ___________ during exercise

Answer 23

LOWER

Question 23

How to calculate Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Answer 23

TPR = MAP/CO TPR = (DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP) / (SV x HR) SV = EDV-ESV

Question 23

MAP is ____________ during exercise

Answer 23

HIGHER

Question 24

Pressure =

Answer 24

Pressure = Flow x Resistance

Question 25

Flow =

Answer 25

Flow = Cardiac Output = SV x HR

Question 26

Resistance =

Answer 26

Resistance = SVR = TPR = Systemic BP

Question 27

Ohm's Law Equation

Answer 27

delta P = F x R delta P = CO x R

Question 28

Blood flow is usually _________. ____________ occurs only when _________________, sharp turn, speed bump, or obstruction

Answer 28

Flow is usually LAMINAR (smooth/straight) Turbulence occurs only when rate is too high, sharp turn, speed bump, obstruction

Question 29

What is the biggest factor in flow rate? (it is to the POWER OF ___)

Answer 29

***DIAMETER (or radius same thing) is the biggest factor in flow rate!!!!*** (it is to the POWER OF 4) AKA increasing d from 1 to 2 = 16x more flow.

Question 30

flow is fastest with a ______ pressure gradient or having _______ resistance.

Answer 30

flow is FASTEST with a LARGE pressure gradient or having LOW resistance. hose analogy

Question 31

Which vessels have the most influence on total peripheral resistance? Why? Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Veins

Answer 31

***Arterioles due to small lumen they DECREASE blood flow coming from arteries***

Question 32

Arterioles face a ______ blood pressure, meaning they don't need to be as ________. Arterioles account for most of the ___________ in circulation because they are more _________ than larger arteries.

Answer 32

Arterioles face a SMALLER blood pressure, meaning they don't need to be as ELASTIC. Arterioles account for most of the RESISTANCE in circulation because they are more RIGID than larger arteries.

Question 33

Aortic Stenosis is an _______load issue during that take place during diastole or systole

Answer 33

Aortic Stenosis is an AFTERLOAD issue during that take place during SYSTOLE

Question 34

Aortic Regurgitation is an _______load issue during that take place during diastole or systole

Answer 34

Aortic Regurgitation is an PRELOAD issue during that take place during DIASTOLE

Question 35

Rate Pressure Product (RPP) is an

Answer 35

Estimate of Myocardial Work

Question 36

RPP =

Answer 36

RPP = SBP x HR

Question 37

During exercise, Blood flow to your muscle is increased, up to _______ Heavy exercise = Metabolic Activity increase ________

Answer 37

During exercise, Blood flow to your muscle is dramatically increased, up to 20x Heavy exercise = Metabolic Activity increase 60x