Nervous 1

Question 1

has a charge, i.e. negatively charged, positively charged.

Answer 1

Polar

Question 2

Membrane potential:
Can it reach -94mV?

Answer 2

Ion concentration DIFFERENCES, i.e. K+ high inside, but low outside.
Yes

Question 3

Diffusion potential:
Can it reach -94mV?

Answer 3

The potential difference between the inside and the outside.
No, there is enough repulsion to prevent movement of K+ to the outside
K+ will never reach it’s diffusion equilibrium

Question 4

Resting membrane potential:
Neuron mV:

Answer 4

Average of all the ions’ diffusion potentials
Neurons: -90mV

Question 5

calculates potential INSIDE of the membrane for that specific ion

Answer 5

Nernst Equation

Question 6

Nernst equations combined for all the ions.

Answer 6

Goldman Equation

Question 7

Membrane is most permeable to…

Answer 7

K+

Question 8

Na-K ATPase Pump:

Answer 8

3 Na out, 2 K in

Question 9

Leaky channels are leaky to

Answer 9

K+

Question 10

Neurons vs Skeletal muscle. Which of these is more excitable?

Answer 10

Neurons

Question 11

Action Potential Step 1:

Answer 11

Resting (aka polarized)
-90 mV

Question 12

Action Potential Step 2:

Answer 12

Depolarization (aka going from neg to pos)
+35 mV
0.1ms to occur
PERMEABLE TO SODIUM

Question 13

Action Potential Step 3:

Answer 13

Repolarization (aka going back to being negatively charged)
-90 mV
0.2ms to occur
Inactivation gate Closed to Na
K channels open wider and K diffuses out
Resets the membrane potential.

Question 14

Voltage Gated Channels
Inactivation gates are found
Activation gates are found

Answer 14

INACTIVATION gates are found INSIDE.
Activation outside

Question 15

Voltage Gated Channels
At rest: the activation gate is:
Does Na Enter?

Answer 15

At rest: the activation gate is CLOSED, inactivation open, so no Na enters.

Question 16

Voltage Gated Channels
At -55mV or between -50 and -70mV:

Answer 16

Activation gate opens, Na pours in, depolarizing cell to like +35mV

Question 17

Voltage Gated Channels
At +35 mV:

Answer 17

At +35 mV: Inactivation gate closes. Na can’t enter.

Question 18

Avg nerve fiber has more unmyelinated or myelinated?

Answer 18

Avg nerve fiber has 2x more unmyelinated than myelinated.

Question 19

Nerve Fibers and Transmission:
Ca2+ is a

Answer 19

membrane stabilizer

Question 20

Nerve Fibers and Transmission:
Anesthetics disable

Answer 20

Anesthetics (Procaine/Tetracaine) disable Na channels, so nerves impulses fail to pass along the anesthetized nerves

Question 21

All or none principle

Answer 21

All or none principle = Either the AP goes over the whole fiber or stops completely

Question 22

Neurotransmitters 1:
Signal enters neuron via the

Answer 22

Signal enters neuron via the dendrites

Question 23

Neurotransmitters 2:
Signal goes through

Answer 23

Signal goes through neuron

Question 24

Neurotransmitters 3:
Signal exits via the

Answer 24

Signal exits via the axon terminal

Question 25

Neurotransmitters 4: Signal exits via the axon terminal. Axon then

Answer 25

Axon then synapses with some second order neurons and so forth.

Question 26

Neurotransmitters made where?

Answer 26

made in the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal

Question 27

Neurotransmitters examples

Answer 27

ACh (I, motor cortex, motor neurons preganglionic of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS) Norepinephrine (preganglionic SYMPATHETIC NS) Epinephrine Histamine GABA (Inhibition) Dopamine (Inhibition) Serotonin (Inhibitor of pain) Glutamate (Excitation) Glycine (Inhibition)

Question 28

Neurotransmitter Dopamine

Answer 28

Inhibition

Question 29

Neurotransmitter Serotonin

Answer 29

Inhibitor of pain

Question 30

Neurotransmitter Glutamate

Answer 30

Excitation

Question 31

Neurotransmitter Glycine

Answer 31

Inhibition

Question 32

process of NT release and binding: AP depolarizes which synaptic membrane

Answer 32

AP depolarizes PRE-synaptic membrane

Question 33

process of NT release and binding: after calcium channel open

Answer 33

Release of Calcium causes NT release from their vesicles.

Question 34

process of NT release and binding: after AP depolarizes PRE-synaptic membrane

Answer 34

Calcium Channels open

Question 35

process of NT release and binding: after Release of Calcium causes NT release from their vesicles.

Answer 35

NT binds to the outside binding component

Question 36

process of NT release and binding: after NT binds to the outside binding component

Answer 36

Inside Ionophore component is made of the G-protein complex.

Question 37

process of NT release and binding: after Inside Ionophore component is made of the G-protein complex.

Answer 37

Alpha component leaves and does most of the actions.

Question 38

Excitation vs inhibition. Excitation:

Answer 38

Most Common way: Sodium channels opening Other ways: Decreased chloride going inside. Decreased potassium going to the outside. Increased # of excitatory receptors Decreased # of inhibitory receptors METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Question 39

Excitation vs inhibition. Inhibition:

Answer 39

Opening chloride channels Increased potassium going to the outside. Increased # of inhibitory receptors Decreased # of excitatory receptors METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Question 40

NTs vs Neuropeptides NTs:

Answer 40

Made in cytosol of presynaptic terminal Rapidly-acting

Question 41

NTs vs Neuropeptides Neuropeptides:

Answer 41

Made as proteins by ribosomes in neuronal cell bodies Slower acting 1000x more potent and long-lasting Think hormones!

Question 42

Decrement of Electrical Conduction & Transmission Excitation:

Answer 42

Greatest at the tips of the dendrites!!!! However, as they approach the cell body, they leak potassium.

Question 43

Decrement of Electrical Conduction & Transmission Inhibition:

Answer 43

Inhibition: Greatest closest to the soma/cell body Polarization increases as you approach the soma, so inhibition is greatest at the axon hillock (-75 on image)

Question 44

Spatial summation:

Answer 44

Spacial Summation: More synapses firing simultaneously = bigger AP. More fibers stimulated within a field = greater stimulation.

Question 45

Temporal summation:

Answer 45

Temporal summation: Consecutive synapses firing = buildup to a bigger AP. More impulses in a set amount of time = greater stimulation

Question 46

Free nerve endings clustered together in a “receptor field” allowing for stimulation of many pain fibers at once, best describes ________ summation.

Answer 46

Spacial

Question 47

An increase in the frequency of nerve impulses from each fiber to give a stronger sensation, best describes ____________ summation.

Answer 47

Temporal

Question 48

Drugs Effects on Synaptic Transmission Caffeine:

Answer 48

increase neuronal excitability by reducing threshold for excitation of neurons

Question 49

Drugs Effects on Synaptic Transmission Strychnine

Answer 49

increase neuronal excitability by inhibiting actions of inhibitory transmitters

Question 50

Drugs Effects on Synaptic Transmission Anesthetics:

Answer 50

increase neuronal THRESHOLD for excitability, DECREASES excitability/synaptic transmission