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Med Phys Review Power Point > Nervous 1 > Flashcards

Nervous 1 Flashcards

1
Q

has a charge, i.e. negatively charged, positively charged.

A

Polar

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2
Q

Membrane potential:
Can it reach -94mV?

A

Ion concentration DIFFERENCES, i.e. K+ high inside, but low outside.
Yes

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3
Q

Diffusion potential:
Can it reach -94mV?

A

The potential difference between the inside and the outside.
No, there is enough repulsion to prevent movement of K+ to the outside
K+ will never reach it’s diffusion equilibrium

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4
Q

Resting membrane potential:
Neuron mV:

A

Average of all the ions’ diffusion potentials
Neurons: -90mV

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5
Q

calculates potential INSIDE of the membrane for that specific ion

A

Nernst Equation

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6
Q

Nernst equations combined for all the ions.

A

Goldman Equation

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7
Q

Membrane is most permeable to…

A

K+

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8
Q

Na-K ATPase Pump:

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

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9
Q

Leaky channels are leaky to

A

K+

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10
Q

Neurons vs Skeletal muscle. Which of these is more excitable?

A

Neurons

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11
Q

Action Potential Step 1:

A

Resting (aka polarized)
-90 mV

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12
Q

Action Potential Step 2:

A

Depolarization (aka going from neg to pos)
+35 mV
0.1ms to occur
PERMEABLE TO SODIUM

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13
Q

Action Potential Step 3:

A

Repolarization (aka going back to being negatively charged)
-90 mV
0.2ms to occur
Inactivation gate Closed to Na
K channels open wider and K diffuses out
Resets the membrane potential.

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14
Q

Voltage Gated Channels
Inactivation gates are found
Activation gates are found

A

INACTIVATION gates are found INSIDE.
Activation outside

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15
Q

Voltage Gated Channels
At rest: the activation gate is:
Does Na Enter?

A

At rest: the activation gate is CLOSED, inactivation open, so no Na enters.

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16
Q

Voltage Gated Channels
At -55mV or between -50 and -70mV:

A

Activation gate opens, Na pours in, depolarizing cell to like +35mV

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17
Q

Voltage Gated Channels
At +35 mV:

A

At +35 mV: Inactivation gate closes. Na can’t enter.

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18
Q

Avg nerve fiber has more unmyelinated or myelinated?

A

Avg nerve fiber has 2x more unmyelinated than myelinated.

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19
Q

Nerve Fibers and Transmission:
Ca2+ is a

A

membrane stabilizer

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20
Q

Nerve Fibers and Transmission:
Anesthetics disable

A

Anesthetics (Procaine/Tetracaine) disable Na channels, so nerves impulses fail to pass along the anesthetized nerves

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21
Q

All or none principle

A

All or none principle = Either the AP goes over the whole fiber or stops completely

22
Q

Neurotransmitters 1:
Signal enters neuron via the

A

Signal enters neuron via the dendrites

23
Q

Neurotransmitters 2:
Signal goes through

A

Signal goes through neuron

24
Q

Neurotransmitters 3:
Signal exits via the

A

Signal exits via the axon terminal

25
Q

Neurotransmitters 4:
Signal exits via the axon terminal. Axon then

A

Axon then synapses with some second order neurons and so forth.

26
Q

Neurotransmitters made where?

A

made in the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal

27
Q

Neurotransmitters examples

A

ACh (I, motor cortex, motor neurons preganglionic of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS)
Norepinephrine (preganglionic SYMPATHETIC NS)
Epinephrine
Histamine
GABA (Inhibition)
Dopamine (Inhibition)
Serotonin (Inhibitor of pain)
Glutamate (Excitation)
Glycine (Inhibition)

28
Q

Neurotransmitter Dopamine

A

Inhibition

29
Q

Neurotransmitter Serotonin

A

Inhibitor of pain

30
Q

Neurotransmitter Glutamate

A

Excitation

31
Q

Neurotransmitter Glycine

A

Inhibition

32
Q

process of NT release and binding:
AP depolarizes which synaptic membrane

A

AP depolarizes PRE-synaptic membrane

33
Q

process of NT release and binding:
after calcium channel open

A

Release of Calcium causes NT release from their vesicles.

34
Q

process of NT release and binding:
after AP depolarizes PRE-synaptic membrane

A

Calcium Channels open

35
Q

process of NT release and binding:
after Release of Calcium causes NT release from their vesicles.

A

NT binds to the outside binding component

36
Q

process of NT release and binding:
after NT binds to the outside binding component

A

Inside Ionophore component is made of the G-protein complex.

37
Q

process of NT release and binding:
after Inside Ionophore component is made of the G-protein complex.

A

Alpha component leaves and does most of the actions.

38
Q

Excitation vs inhibition.
Excitation:

A

Most Common way: Sodium channels opening
Other ways:
Decreased chloride going inside.
Decreased potassium going to the outside.
Increased # of excitatory receptors
Decreased # of inhibitory receptors
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

39
Q

Excitation vs inhibition.
Inhibition:

A

Opening chloride channels
Increased potassium going to the outside.
Increased # of inhibitory receptors
Decreased # of excitatory receptors
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

40
Q

NTs vs Neuropeptides
NTs:

A

Made in cytosol of presynaptic terminal
Rapidly-acting

41
Q

NTs vs Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides:

A

Made as proteins by ribosomes in neuronal cell bodies
Slower acting
1000x more potent and long-lasting
Think hormones!

42
Q

Decrement of Electrical Conduction & Transmission
Excitation:

A

Greatest at the tips of the dendrites!!!!
However, as they approach the cell body, they leak potassium.

43
Q

Decrement of Electrical Conduction & Transmission
Inhibition:

A

Inhibition:
Greatest closest to the soma/cell body
Polarization increases as you approach the soma, so inhibition is greatest at the axon hillock (-75 on image)

44
Q

Spatial summation:

A

Spacial Summation: More synapses firing simultaneously = bigger AP.
More fibers stimulated within a field = greater stimulation.

45
Q

Temporal summation:

A

Temporal summation: Consecutive synapses firing = buildup to a bigger AP. More impulses in a set amount of time = greater stimulation

46
Q

Free nerve endings clustered together in a “receptor field” allowing for stimulation of many pain fibers at once, best describes ________ summation.

A

Spacial

47
Q

An increase in the frequency of nerve impulses from each fiber to give a stronger sensation, best describes ____________ summation.

A

Temporal

48
Q

Drugs Effects on Synaptic Transmission
Caffeine:

A

increase neuronal excitability
by reducing threshold for excitation of neurons

49
Q

Drugs Effects on Synaptic Transmission
Strychnine

A

increase neuronal excitability
by inhibiting actions of inhibitory transmitters

50
Q

Drugs Effects on Synaptic Transmission
Anesthetics:

A

increase neuronal THRESHOLD for excitability, DECREASES excitability/synaptic transmission

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