Respiration PT 2

Question 1

_______ Pulmonary pressure keeps alveoli dry

Answer 1

Negative

Question 2

The most significant force driving the absorption of fluid into the capillaries (and thus keeping liquid out of the alveoli) is

Answer 2

the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (-28mmHg)

Question 3

the lymph drains excess fluid, resulting in ___________ if this system does not work!

Answer 3

the lymph drains excess fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema if this system does not work!

Question 4

Any factor that ___________ fluid filtration out of capillaries or that ______________ pulmonary lymphatic function or drainage can cause pulmonary edema.

Answer 4

Any factor that INCREASES fluid filtration out of capillaries or that IMPEDES pulmonary lymphatic function or drainage can cause pulmonary edema.

Question 5

Most common cause of pulmonary edema is ________________ and subsequent fluid back up.

Answer 5

Most common cause of pulmonary edema is INCREASED PULMONARY ARTERY WEDGE PRESSURE and subsequent fluid back up.

Question 6

if you have increased fluid filtration out of the pulmonary capillaries for any reason whatsoever, they will _______________ and cause __________

Answer 6

AKA, if you have increased fluid filtration out of the pulmonary capillaries for any reason whatsoever, they will FLOOD THE INTERSTITIAL SPACE and cause pulmonary edema.

Question 7

___________ lung disorders occur when you can’t get a maximal amount of air in (inspiration is limited)
Ex: ___________, where thick, scarred lungs make it difficult for maximal inspiration and gas exchange

Answer 7

RESTRICTIVE

PULMONARY FIBROSIS

Question 8

___________ lung disorders occur when you can’t get a maximal amount of air out (expiration is limited)
Ex: _______ AND _______, where air gets trapped and cannot be fully exhaled → premature collapse.
_______ bronchiole disease

Answer 8

OBSTRUCTIVE

ASTHMA AND COPD

SMALL BRONCHIAL DISEASE

Question 9

COPD patients often have __________ due to air trapping.

Answer 9

COPD patients often have BARREL CHESTS due to AIR TRAPPING. (CO2 is unable to be fully disposed of), causing excess acid, dyspnea, SOB.

Question 10

Lung obstruction, such as in COPD, __________ the effort independent portion.

Answer 10

DECREASES

Question 11

asthmatics benefit from ___________________ that help dilate the bronchial tree and can benefit asthma and COPD patients.

Answer 11

asthmatics benefit from BETA-2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AGONISTS that help dilate the bronchial tree and can benefit asthma and COPD patients.

Question 12

In which kind of lung disease would you expect the FEV1 to be decreased

Answer 12

OBSTRUCTIVE Because you cannot blow out CO2. Thus expiratory volume is decreased. Occurs in COPD, asthma.

Question 13

blood gasses are expressed in terms of

Answer 13

Partial pressure

Question 14

760 partial pressure multiplier changes based on atmospheric pressure, it gets __________ when elevation is increased

Answer 14

SMALLER

Question 15

Partial Pressure of O2 is_______ which _______ change.

at sea level the atmospheric partial pressure is _______

Answer 15

20.93 DOES NOT CHANGE

159mmHg

Question 16

Partial pressure of CO2 is ________ which ________ change.

At sea level the atmospheric partial pressure is ________

Answer 16

.04 DOES NOT CHANGE

1 mmHg

Question 17

CO2 levels are ________ IMPORTANT to maintain than O2, because CO2 is more closely tied to _____

Answer 17

CO2 levels are MORE IMPORTANT to maintain than O2, because CO2 is more closely tied to pH (represents ACID).

Question 18

The alveoli/arterial partial pressure of O2 is ____

The Skeletal Muscle/Venous partial pressure of O2 is ____

Answer 18

The alveoli/arterial partial pressure of O2 is 100mmHg

The Skeletal Muscle/Venous partial pressure of O2 is 40mmHg

Question 19

The alveoli/arterial partial pressure of CO2 is ____

The Skeletal Muscle/Venous partial pressure of CO2 is ____

Answer 19

The alveoli/arterial partial pressure of CO2 is 40mmHg

The Skeletal Muscle/Venous partial pressure of CO2 is 46 mmHg

Question 20

Hemoglobin is made from ___________
4 pyrol molecules form a __________, which combine with iron to make heme.

Iron and protein are put together to form ___________.

Answer 20

Hemoglobin is made from succinyl-CoA + glycine → pyrol molecule
4 pyrol molecules form a protoporphyrin, which combine with iron to make heme.

Iron and protein are put together to form hemoglobin.

Question 21

15gHb / 100mL blood x 1.34mL O2 / gHb = _______
this is called ___________

Answer 21

20
Oxygen carrying capacity (carrying hemoglobin)

Question 22

Shift of the curve to the Right indicates

Answer 22

V/Q is Low

Question 23

Too much CO2 from a respiratory point of view causes

Answer 23

low pH- acidosis.

Question 24

CO2’s main method of transport-

Answer 24

as plasma bicarbonate

Question 25

You add bicarbonate to the blood, what happens to the pH?
pH _________________ (increases/decreases), shifting the equation to the ______________ (right/left)

Answer 25

increases, right

Question 26

Acid is introduced, what happens to the pH?
pH _________________ (increases/decreases), shifting the equation to the ______________ (right/left)

Answer 26

Decreases, left (want to blow off CO2)

Question 27

What regulates Bicarb?
What regulates CO2?

Answer 27

Kidneys. REMEMBER THIS*
Lungs

Question 28

All enzyme systems in the body are influenced by hydrogen ions
Acids ______ H+
Bases _______ H+

Answer 28

All enzyme systems in the body are influenced by hydrogen ions
Acids produce H+
Bases accept H+

Question 29

(pH <7.4) _________ occurs when there is ______ H+

Answer 29

Acidosis
too much

Question 30

(pH >7.4) ________ occurs when there is _______ enough H+

Answer 30

Alkalosis
not enough

Question 31

We can regulate acid-base in two ways:

Answer 31

Respiratory control- blowing off excess CO2
Renal control- Elimination of H+ in urine OR reabsorption of bicarb

Question 32

Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?

Diabetes → _________
Diarrhea → _________
Vomiting → _________
Hyperventilation → ___________

Answer 32

Acidosis
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Resp alkalosis

Question 33

Normal respiratory control

The ____________ regulate respiration. You can thank three major groups of neurons for this:

_________- The main one. Mainly causes inspiration

_________- Utilized when the respiratory drive exceeds normal breathing at rest. Mainly causes expiration. This is important during exercise for us mouth breathers on the treadmills.

__________- Controls the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory drive. Main function is to limit inspiration. This may __________ the respiratory rate (_________).

Answer 33

medulla and pons of brainstem

Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral respiratory group

Pneumotaxic center, Increase, (compensatory mechanism)

Question 34

the neural innervation that allows for steady inspiration

Answer 34

Ramp

Question 35

A steady _______ signal for ___ seconds enables inspiration, and ceases abruptly for ___ seconds to stop excitation of the __________________ (expiration).

It also allows for a nice and steady ________ in lung volume.

When the lungs become overstretched during inspiration, the _______________ (usually not activated until ______ is 3x normal)

Answer 35

A steady Inspiratory “RAMP” signal for 2 seconds enables inspiration, and ceases abruptly for 3 seconds to stop excitation of the diaphragm and allow elastic recoil of the lungs (expiration).
It also allows for a nice and steady increase in lung volume.

When the lungs become overstretched during inspiration, the inspiratory ramp “switches off” (usually not activated until TV is 3x normal)

Question 36

O2 does not have a direct effect on the respiratory center, but acts on the _______________________ to transmit nervous signals to the respiratory center.

Answer 36

O2 does not have a direct effect on the respiratory center, but acts on the PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS IN THE CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES to transmit nervous signals to the respiratory center.

Question 37

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located _______ the brain to detect _____
They can also detect_______ and _______ ions but they’re not as sensitive to them

Answer 37

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located OUTSIDE the brain to detect O2
They can also detect CO2 and H+ ions but they’re not as sensitive to them

Question 39

Several factors such as differences in the partial pressure of _______, changes in ________ or changes in ________ can change the ability of hemoglobin to release O2 (aka ___________)

Answer 39

Several factors such as differences in the partial pressure of O2, changes in pH or changes in TEMPERATURE can change the ability of hemoglobin to release O2 (aka OXYGEN DISASSOCIATION)

Question 40

Obstructive diseases such as _________________ are also known as _______________ because of __________

Answer 40

Obstructive diseases, such as COPD, and asthma, are also known as SMALL BRONCHIOLE DISEASES because of AIR TRAPPING

Question 41

Partial pressure of O2 is _________ when leaving lungs and __________ when blood returning from tissues

Answer 41

Higher
Lower

Question 42

Hyperventilation leads to __________
_____________ will compensate by __________

Answer 42

Alkalosis (Respiratory)
Kidneys will compensate by eliminating bicarbonate