Cardiology Flashcards
(243 cards)
1
Q
Function of the Cardiovascular System
A
The cardiovascular system consists of the pump and vessels that distribute blood to all areas of the body. This system allows for the delivery of needed substances to the cells of the body as well as for the removal of wastes.
2
Q
Organs of the cardiovascular system
A
blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), heart
3
Q
angi/o
A
vessel
4
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
5
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
6
Q
ather/o
A
fatty substance
7
Q
atri/o
A
atrium
8
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
9
Q
coron/o
A
heart
10
Q
corpor/o
A
body
11
Q
embol/o
A
plug
12
Q
isch/o
A
to hold back
13
Q
myocardi/o
A
heart muscle
14
Q
pect/o
A
chest
15
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
16
Q
sphygm/o
A
pulse
17
Q
steth/o
A
chest
18
Q
thromb/o
A
clot
19
Q
valv/o
A
valve
20
Q
valvul/o
A
valve
21
Q
varic/o
A
dilated vein
22
Q
vascul/o
A
blood vessel
23
Q
vas/o
A
vessel, duct
24
Q
ven/o
A
vein
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ventricul/o
ventricle
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-manometer
instrument to measure pressure
27
-ole
small
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-tension
pressure
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-tonic
pertaining to tone
30
-ule
small
31
cutane/o
skin
32
duct/o
to bring
33
electr/o
electricity
34
hem/o
blood
35
lip/o
fat
36
my/o
muscle
37
orth/o
straight
38
pulmon/o
lung
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sept/o
a wall
40
son/o
sound
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-ac
pertaining to
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-al
pertaining to
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-ar
pertaining to
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-ary
pertaining to
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-eal
pertaining to
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-ectomy
surgical removal
47
-gram
record
48
-graphy
process of recording
49
-ia
condition
50
-ic
pertaining to
51
-itis
inflammation
52
-logy
study of
53
-lytic
destruction
54
-megaly
enlarged
55
-oma
growth
56
-ose
pertaining to
57
-ous
pertaining to
58
-pathy
disease
59
-plasty
surgical procedure
60
-rrhexis
rupture
61
-sclerosis
hardening
62
-scope
instrument for viewing
63
-spasm
involuntary muscle contraction
64
-stenosis
narrowing
65
-tic
pertaining to
66
a-
without
67
anti-
against
68
brady-
slow
69
de-
without
70
endo-
inner
71
extra-
outside
72
hyper-
excessive
73
hypo-
insufficient
74
inter-
between
75
intra-
within
76
per-
through
77
peri-
around
78
poly-
many
79
tachy-
fast
80
tetra-
four
81
trans-
across
82
ultra-
beyond
83
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
84
arterial
pertaining to an artery
85
arteriole
a small (narrow in diameter) artery
86
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
87
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
88
coronary
pertaining to the heart
89
interatrial
pertaining to between the atria
90
interventricular
pertaining to between the ventricules
91
myocardial
pertaining to heart muscle
92
valvular
pertaining to a valve
93
vascular
pertaining to a blood vessel
94
venous
pertaining to a vein
95
ventricular
pertaining to a ventricle
96
venule
a small (narrow in diameter) vein
97
cardiology
The branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the cardiovascular system. Physician is a cardiologist.
98
cardiovascular technician
Healthcare professional trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests.
99
angiitis
Inflammation of a vessel.
100
angiospasm
An involuntary muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel; narrows the vessel.
101
angiostenosis
The narrowing of a vessel.
102
bradycardia
The condition of having a slow heart rate; typically less than 60 beats/minute; highly trained aerobic persons may normally have a slow heart rate.
103
embolus
The obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction. If it occurs in a coronary artery, it may result in a myocardial infarction.
104
infarct
An area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply.
105
ischemia
The localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation.
106
murmur
A sound, in addition to the normal heart sounds, arising from blood flowing through the heart. This extra sound may or may not indicate a heart abnormality.
107
orthostatic hypotension
The sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing straight up suddenly.
108
palpitations
Pounding, racing heartbeats.
109
plaque
A yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery that is the hallmark of atherosclerosis. Also called an atheroma.
110
regurgitation
To flow backwards. In the cardiovascular system this refers to the backflow of blood through a valve.
111
tachycardia
The condition of having a fast heart rate; typically more than 100 beats/minute while at rest.
112
thrombus
A blood clot forming within a blood vessel. May partially or completely occlude the blood vessel.
113
angina pectoris
Condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart. Caused by a deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle.
114
arrhythmia
Irregularity in the heartbeat or action. Comes in many different forms; some are not serious, while others are life-threatening.
115
bundle branch block (BBB)
Occurs when the electrical impluse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of His or bundle branches. Results in the ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria. Also called a heart block.
116
cardiac arrest
Complete stopping of heart activity.
117
cardiomegaly
An enlarged heart.
118
cardiomyopathy
General term for a disease of the myocardium. Can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure. One of the most common reasons a patient may require a heart transplant.
119
congenital septal defect (CSD)
A hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers; results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. There can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD).
120
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood. Results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema.
121
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries. May be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
122
endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart. May be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response. In bacterial endocarditis, the mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation.
123
fibrillation
An extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers. When this occurs in the ventricles, cardiac arrest and death can occur. Emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert the heart to a normal beat, is necessary.
124
flutter
An arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern.
125
heart valve prolapse
Condition in which the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward through the valve when the heart chamber contracts. Most commonly occurs in the mitral valve, but may affect any of the heart valves.
126
heart valve stenosis
The cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff. Therefore, they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward. This condition may affect any of the heart valves.
127
myocardial infarction (MI)
Condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries. Symptoms include a squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris). A delay in treatment could result in death. Also referred to as a heart attack.
128
myocarditis
Inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall.
129
pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart.
130
tetralogy of Fallot
Combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Needs immediate surgery to correct.
131
valvulitis
The inflammation of a heart valve.
132
aneurysm
Weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of the artery. Although an aneurysm may develop in any artery, common sites include the aorta in the abdomen and the cerebral arteries in the brain.
133
arteriorrhexis
A ruptured artery; may occur if an aneurysm ruptures an arterial wall.
134
arteriosclerosis
Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries. Most often due to atherosclerosis.
135
atheroma
A deposit of fatty substance in the wall of an artery that bulges into and narrows the lumen of the artery; a characteristic of atherosclerosis. Also called a plaque.
136
atherosclerosis
The most common form of arteriosclerosis. Caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries.
137
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta.
138
hemorrhoid
Varicose veins in the anal region.
139
hypertension
Blood pressure above the normal range. Essential or primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease. Secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease.
140
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Congenital heart anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth. This condition may be treated with medication and resolve with time. However, in some cases surgery is required.
141
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart. Symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses.
142
phlebitis
The inflammation of a vein.
143
polyarteritis
Inflammation of several arteries.
144
Raynaud's phenomenon
Periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. The affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful. These attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress.
145
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein resulting in the formation of blood clots with the vein.
146
varicose veins
Swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs.
147
auscultation
Process of listening to the sounds with the body by using a stethoscope.
148
sphygmomanometer
Instrument for measuring blood pressure. Also referred to as a blood pressure cuff.
149
stethoscope
Instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines.
150
cardiac enzymes
Blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood. An increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction. These enzymes include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT).
151
serum lipoprotein level
Blood test to measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. An indicator of atherosclerosis risk.
152
angiogram
X-ray record of a vessel taken during angiography.
153
angiography
X-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel. Can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiography, on the heart as angiocardiography, and on the brain as a cerebral angiography.
154
cardiac scan
Patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart. It is especially useful in determining myocardial damage.
155
Doppler ultrasonography
Measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image. In this system, used to measure velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots or deep vein thromboses.
156
echocardiography
Noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures. Cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method.
157
catheter
Flexible tube inserted into the body for purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body. In the cardiovascular system a catheter is used to place dye into blood vessels so they may be visualized on x-rays.
158
cardiac catheterization
Passage of a thin tube catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart. Done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart.
159
electrocardiogram
Hard copy record produced by electrocardiography.
160
electrocardiography
Process of recording the electrical activity of the heart. Useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage.
161
Holter monitor
Portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through the activities of daily living. Used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities.
162
stress testing
Method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness. The patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work. An EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patien exercises. The test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG. Also called an exercise test or a treadmill test.
163
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest. A combination of chest compressions (to push blood out of the heart) and artificial respiration (to blow air into the lungs) performed by one or two CPR-trained rescuers.
164
defibrillation
Procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart using an instrument called a difibrillator. Also called cardioversion. Automated external defibrillators (AED) are portable devices that automatically detect life-threatening arrhythmias and deliver the appropriate electrical shock. they are designed to be used by nonmedical personnel and are found in public places such as shopping malls and schools.
165
extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
During open-heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped to the rest of the body.
166
implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD)
Device implanted in the heart that delivers an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm. Particularly useful for persons who experience ventricular fibrillation.
167
pacemaker implantation
Electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart. It controls the beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electrical impulses. An external pacemaker has the electrodes on the outside of the body. An internal pacemaker has the electrodes surgically implanted with the chest wall.
168
thrombolytic therapy
Process in which drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into a blood vessel to dissove clots and restore blood flow.
169
aneurysmectomy
Surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm.
170
arterial anastomosis
Surgical joining together of two arteries. Performed if an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed.
171
atherectomy
Surgical procedure to remove a deposit of fatty substance, an atheroma, from an artery.
172
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery.
173
embolectomy
Removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel.
174
endarterectomy
Removal of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery. Usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques.
175
heart transplantation
Replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor's heart.
176
intracoronary artery stent
Placement of a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis.
177
Ligation and stripping
Surgical treatment for varicose veins. The damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and removed (stripping).
178
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing. A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel.
179
stent
Stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen.
180
valve replacement
Removal of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve.
181
valvoplasty
Surgical procedure to repair a heart valve.
182
ACE inhibitor drugs
Produce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.
183
antiarrhythmic
Reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias.
184
anticoagulant
Prevents blood clot formation.
185
antilipidemic
Reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia.
186
antiplatelet agents
Inhibits the ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood clot.
187
beta-blocker drugs
Treats hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering the heart rate.
188
calcium channel blocker drugs
Treats hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure by causing the heart to beat less forcefully and less often.
189
cardiotonic
Increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure.
190
diuretic
Increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure.
191
thrombolytic
Dissolves existing blood clots.
192
vasoconstrictor
Contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure.
193
vasodilator
Relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel. Used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area; reducing blood pressure.
194
AED
automated external defibrillator
195
AF
atrial fibrillation
196
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
197
AS
arteriosclerosis
198
ASD
atrial septal defect
199
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
200
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
201
BBB
bundle branch block (L for left; R for right)
202
BP
blood pressure
203
bpm
beats per minute
204
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
205
CAD
coronary artery disease
206
cath
catheterization
207
CC
cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
208
CCU
coronary care unit
209
CHF
congestive heart failure
210
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
211
CP
chest pain
212
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
213
CSD
congenital septal defect
214
CV
cardiovascular
215
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
216
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
217
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
218
ECHO
echocardiogram
219
GOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
220
HTN
hypertension
221
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
222
ICU
intensive care unit
223
IV
intravenous
224
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
225
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
226
MI
myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
227
mm Hg
millimeters of mercury
228
MR
mitral regurgitation
229
MS
mitral stenosis
230
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
231
P
pulse
232
PAC
premature atrial contraction
233
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
234
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
235
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
236
S1
first heart sound
237
S2
second heart sound
238
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
239
SK
streptokinase
240
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator
241
V fib
ventricular fibrillation
242
VSD
Ventricular septal defect
243
VT
ventricular tachycardia
