Hematology CF Flashcards
(348 cards)
1
Q
a-
A
away from, without
2
Q
aden/o
A
gland
3
Q
agglutin/o
A
clumping, sticking
4
Q
aggreg/o
A
crowding together
5
Q
-al
A
pertaining to
6
Q
an-
A
without, not
7
Q
angi/o
A
blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
8
Q
anis/o
A
unequal
9
Q
-ant
A
pertaining to
10
Q
anti-
A
against
11
Q
apher/o
A
withdrawal
12
Q
-ar
A
pertaining to
13
Q
-ase
A
enzyme
14
Q
aspir/o
A
to breathe in, to suck in
15
Q
-ate
A
composed of; pertaining to
16
Q
-ated
A
pertaining to a condition; composed of
17
Q
-atic
A
pertaining to
18
Q
-ation
A
a process; being or having
19
Q
attenu/o
A
weakened
20
Q
auto-
A
self
21
Q
bas/o
A
basic (alkaline)
22
Q
bi/o
A
life; living organisms
23
Q
-blast
A
immature cell
24
Q
-body
A
structure or thing
25
calc/o
calcium
26
chrom/o
color
27
coagul/o
clotting
28
compromis/o
exposed to danger
29
cortic/o
cortex (outer region)
30
-crasia
a mixing
31
cyt/o
cell
32
defici/o
lacking, inadequate
33
different/o
being distinct, different
34
dissect/o
to cut apart
35
dissemin/o
widely scattered throughout the body
36
dys-
painful, difficult, abnormal
37
-ectomy
surgical excision
38
-ed
pertaining to
39
-edema
swelling
40
electr/o
electricity
41
embol/o
embolus (occluding plug)
42
-emia
condition of the blood, substance in the blood
43
-ency
condition of being
44
endo-
innermost
45
eosin/o
eosin (acidic red dye)
46
erythr/o
red
47
-esis
condition
48
excis/o
to cut out
49
ferrit/o
iron
50
ferr/o
iron
51
fibrin/o
fibrin
52
fibr/o
fiber
53
fus/o
pouring
54
-gen
that which produces
55
gen/o
arising from; produced by
56
glob/o
shaped like a globe; comprehensive
57
globul/o
shaped like a globe
58
-gram
a record or picture
59
granul/o
granule
60
-graphy
the process of recording
61
hemat/o
blood
62
hem/o
blood
63
heter/o
other
64
hyper-
above; more than normal
65
hypo-
below; deficient
66
-ia
condition, state, thing
67
-iac
pertaining to
68
-ial
pertaining to
69
-ic
pertaining to
70
idi/o
unknown; individual
71
-immune
immune response
72
immun/o
immune response
73
-in
substance
74
inhibit/o
block; hold back
75
inter-
between
76
intra-
within
77
-ion
action; condition
78
-ism
process; disease from a specific cause
79
-ist
one who specializes in
80
-ity
state; condition
81
-ization
process of making, creating, or inserting
82
kary/o
nucleus
83
-kine
movement
84
leuk/o
white
85
log/o
word; the study of
86
-logy
the study of
87
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic system
88
ly/o
break down, separate, dissolve
89
-lysis
process of breaking down or dissolving
90
-lyte
dissolved substance
91
macr/o
large
92
meg/a
large
93
megal/o
large
94
-megaly
enlargement
95
micr/o
small
96
mon/o
one, single
97
morph/o
shape
98
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin
99
neutr/o
not taking part
100
norm/o
normal, usual
101
nucle/o
nucleus
102
-oid
resembling
103
-oma
tumor, mass
104
opportun/o
well timed, taking advantage of
105
-opsy
the process of viewing
106
-or
person or thing that produces or does
107
-osis
condition, abnormal condition
108
-ous
pertaining to
109
ox/y
oxygen
110
pan-
all
111
path/o
disease, suffering
112
-pathy
disease, suffering
113
-penia
condition of deficiency
114
peripher/o
outer aspects
115
-phage
thing that eats
116
phag/o
eating, swallowing
117
-phil
attraction to, fondness for
118
Agranulocyte
catagory of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. it includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
119
Albumin
Monst abundant plasma protein. Plasma protiens contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood
120
band
Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.
121
basophil
Typer of leukocyte. It is catergorized as a granulocyte because granules in its cytoplasm stain dark blue to purple with basic dye. Basophils release histamine and herparin at the site of tissure injury. AKA basos
122
blood
type of connective tissue that contains formed elements, water, protiens, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste oriducts of metabolism.
123
electrolytes
Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge
124
eosinophil
type of leukoocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because granules in cytoplasm stain bright pink to red with eosin dye. the nucleus has 2 lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy foreign cells. They also release chemicals to kill parasites. AKA eos.
125
erythropoientin
hormone produced by the kidneys that increase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.
126
erythrocyte
a mature red blood cell. it is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. it matures into a normoblast, which becomes a retuculocyte, a nearly mature erthrocyte that is released into the blood. an erythrocyte has no nucleus, and they contain hemoglobin
127
granulocyte
category of leukocyte with large granules in the cytoplasm.
128
hematopoiesis
process be which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.
129
hemoglobin
substance in an erythrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. the heme molecule contains iron that gives erythrocytes their red color.
130
leukocyte
a white blood cell
131
lymphocyte
second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. ut us catergorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. the cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus.
132
monocyte
The largest leukocyte. it is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. its nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean.
133
myeloblast
a very immature cell that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow.
134
myelocyte
immature cell that comes from a myeblast in red marrow.
135
neutrophil
most numerous typer of leukocyte. it is categorized as a granulocyte because the granules in its cytoplasm do not easily stain red or blue, but remain neutral in color. the nucleus has several segmented lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria
136
plasma
clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements and contains dissolved substances.
137
Rh blood group
category of blood type. when the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive, without it is Rh negative.
138
stem cell
extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells
139
thrombocyte
a platelet.
140
aggregation
process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps
141
clotting factors
a series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets of injured tissue or are produces by the liver. they actuvate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.
142
coagulation
formation of a blood cloth by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors
143
fibrin
strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. it traps erythrocytes to form a blood clot
144
Fibrinogen
blood clotting factor 2. it is activated just before the thrombus is formed
145
serum
fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot
146
thromboplastin
blodd clotting factor 3. it is also known as the tissue factor because it is released when tissue is injured.
147
thrombus
Blood clot.
148
active immunity
the bodys continuing immune response and defense against pathogens it has seen before.
149
antibody
produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. AKA immunoglobulin
150
antigen
protein maker on the cell membrane if an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. also a protien maker on the cell wall of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune sytem to recognize it as forein.
151
B celll
type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. that are actuvated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodys. also activate helper T cells.
152
complement protiens
group of nine proteins in the plasma that are actuvated by the presence of bacterium, virus, or parasite. they kill it by drilling holes in it. also cause basophils to release histamine where the tissue has been damaged.
153
cytokines
chemicals released by damaged tissues. they call leukocytes to the damaged area.
154
endotoxin
toxic substance produced by some bacteria. it acts as a poison in the body causing chills, fever, and shock.
155
histamine
release by basophils. it dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissue, which produces redness. it also allows protein molecules to leak out of blood vessels into the tissue, which produces edema (swelling)
156
IgA
Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in body secreations and on the surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.
157
IgD
Immunglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the Bcell to become a plasma cell.
158
IgE
Immunoglobulin E. antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.
159
IgG
Immunoglobulin G. Antiboyd that is produced by plasma cells in the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. It forns the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the ummunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.
160
IgM
Immunoglobulin M. antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. It also reacts to incompatable blood types during a blood transfusion. it is the largest of the ummunoglobulin.
161
immune responce
coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.
162
immunoglobulins
antibodies.
163
interferferon
substance released by macrophages that have engulfed a virus. it stumulates other cells to produce an antiviral substance that prevents the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.
164
interleukin
substance released by macrophages that stumulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and activates NK cells. it also produces fever.
165
lymph
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.
166
lymph nodes
small, encapsulated piece of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. macrophages in it destroy microorganisms and cancerous cells in the lymph fluid.
167
lymphatic system
body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.
168
lymphatic vessels
vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
169
macriohage
A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver,pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin
170
natural killer (NK) cell
Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies or complement proteins, recognizes and destroys pathogens.
171
passive immunity
immune response and defense against pathogens that is conveyed by the mother's antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby. these maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.
172
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast
173
phagocyte
type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellular debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes.
174
spleen
lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. it destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. it also acts as a storage area for whole blood.
175
T cells
type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
176
thymus
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. as an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblasts in the thymus to mature into T cells lymphocytes
177
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.
178
plasma
straw colored; liquid portion of blood
179
erythrocytes
red blood cells that cary oxygen to tissues
180
thrombocytes
platelets; required for normal blood clotting
181
neutrophils
white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria
182
lymphocytes
produce antibodies or other substances toxic to microorganisms
183
hematopoiesis
process by which blood cells are formed in the red marrow
184
active immunity
body's response to pathogens it has seen before
185
passive immunity
transfer of mother's antibodies through the placenta to the fetus
186
blood dyscrasia
any disease condition involving blood cells
187
thrombus
blood clot
188
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood
189
aplastic anemia
anemia caused by failure of the bone marrow to produce erythrocytes because it has been damaged
190
iron deficiency anemia
anemia caused by a deficiency of iron
191
pernicious anemia
anemia caused by lack of vitamin b12 or intrinsic factor in the stomach
192
polycythemia vera
increased number of red blood cells due to uncontrolled production by the red marrow; causing increased thickness of the blood
193
thalassemia
inherited genetic abnormality that affects the synthesis of the globin chains in hemoglobin
194
transfusion reaction
reaction that occurs when a patient receives a transfusion with an incompatible blood type
195
AIDS
severe infection caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
196
Leukemia
cancer of the leukocytes
197
mononucleosis
infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
198
multiple myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells that produce antibodies
199
deep vein thrombosis
a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the lower legs; often after surgery or in patients on bedrest
200
hemophilia
inherited genetic abnormality that causes a lack or a deficiency of a specific clotting factor
201
thrombocytopenia
deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the bone marrow
202
lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
203
lymphoma
cancerous tumor of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's)
204
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
205
autoimmune diseases
disease in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues
206
ABO
blood type matched before transfusion
207
CBC
complete blood count to determine number, type, and characteristics of cells
208
Hct
hematocrit; red blood cell percent volume in whole blood
209
Hgb
hemoglobin; carries oxygen to the tissues
210
PT
prothrombin time; evaluates the effectiveness of coumadin
211
PTT
partial thromboplastin time; evaluates clot formation and effectiveness of heparin
212
Rh
causes hemolytic disease of the newborn
213
erythropoietin
hormone produced by the kidneys that increases the rate erythrocytes are produced and matured
214
Vitamin b12
used to treat pernicious anemia
215
protease inhibitors
slow the replication of HIV
216
pathogen
a disease producing microorganism
217
ABO blood group
Catagory that includes blood types A, B, AB, and O. Blood typers are hereditary. Each blood type has antigens on its erythrocytes and antibodies in its plasma against other blood types.
218
Agranulocyte
catagory of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. it includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
219
Albumin
Monst abundant plasma protein. Plasma protiens contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood
220
band
Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.
221
basophil
Typer of leukocyte. It is catergorized as a granulocyte because granules in its cytoplasm stain dark blue to purple with basic dye. Basophils release histamine and herparin at the site of tissure injury. AKA basos
222
blood
type of connective tissue that contains formed elements, water, protiens, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste oriducts of metabolism.
223
electrolytes
Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge
224
eosinophil
type of leukoocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because granules in cytoplasm stain bright pink to red with eosin dye. the nucleus has 2 lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy foreign cells. They also release chemicals to kill parasites. AKA eos.
225
erythropoientin
hormone produced by the kidneys that increase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.
226
erythrocyte
a mature red blood cell. it is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. it matures into a normoblast, which becomes a retuculocyte, a nearly mature erthrocyte that is released into the blood. an erythrocyte has no nucleus, and they contain hemoglobin
227
granulocyte
category of leukocyte with large granules in the cytoplasm.
228
hematopoiesis
process be which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.
229
hemoglobin
substance in an erythrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. the heme molecule contains iron that gives erythrocytes their red color.
230
leukocyte
a white blood cell
231
lymphocyte
second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. ut us catergorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. the cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus.
232
monocyte
The largest leukocyte. it is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. its nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean.
233
myeloblast
a very immature cell that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow.
234
myelocyte
immature cell that comes from a myeblast in red marrow.
235
neutrophil
most numerous typer of leukocyte. it is categorized as a granulocyte because the granules in its cytoplasm do not easily stain red or blue, but remain neutral in color. the nucleus has several segmented lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria
236
plasma
clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements and contains dissolved substances.
237
Rh blood group
category of blood type. when the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive, without it is Rh negative.
238
stem cell
extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells
239
thrombocyte
a platelet.
240
aggregation
process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps
241
clotting factors
a series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets of injured tissue or are produces by the liver. they actuvate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.
242
coagulation
formation of a blood cloth by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors
243
fibrin
strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. it traps erythrocytes to form a blood clot
244
Fibrinogen
blood clotting factor 2. it is activated just before the thrombus is formed
245
serum
fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot
246
thromboplastin
blodd clotting factor 3. it is also known as the tissue factor because it is released when tissue is injured.
247
thrombus
Blood clot.
248
active immunity
the bodys continuing immune response and defense against pathogens it has seen before.
249
antibody
produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. AKA immunoglobulin
250
antigen
protein maker on the cell membrane if an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. also a protien maker on the cell wall of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune sytem to recognize it as forein.
251
B celll
type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. that are actuvated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodys. also activate helper T cells.
252
complement protiens
group of nine proteins in the plasma that are actuvated by the presence of bacterium, virus, or parasite. they kill it by drilling holes in it. also cause basophils to release histamine where the tissue has been damaged.
253
cytokines
chemicals released by damaged tissues. they call leukocytes to the damaged area.
254
endotoxin
toxic substance produced by some bacteria. it acts as a poison in the body causing chills, fever, and shock.
255
histamine
release by basophils. it dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissue, which produces redness. it also allows protein molecules to leak out of blood vessels into the tissue, which produces edema (swelling)
256
IgA
Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in body secreations and on the surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.
257
IgD
Immunglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the Bcell to become a plasma cell.
258
IgE
Immunoglobulin E. antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.
259
IgG
Immunoglobulin G. Antiboyd that is produced by plasma cells in the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. It forns the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the ummunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.
260
IgM
Immunoglobulin M. antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. It also reacts to incompatable blood types during a blood transfusion. it is the largest of the ummunoglobulin.
261
immune responce
coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.
262
immunoglobulins
antibodies.
263
interferferon
substance released by macrophages that have engulfed a virus. it stumulates other cells to produce an antiviral substance that prevents the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.
264
interleukin
substance released by macrophages that stumulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and activates NK cells. it also produces fever.
265
lymph
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.
266
lymph nodes
small, encapsulated piece of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. macrophages in it destroy microorganisms and cancerous cells in the lymph fluid.
267
lymphatic system
body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.
268
lymphatic vessels
vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
269
macriohage
A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver,pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin
270
natural killer (NK) cell
Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies or complement proteins, recognizes and destroys pathogens.
271
passive immunity
immune response and defense against pathogens that is conveyed by the mother's antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby. these maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.
272
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast
273
phagocyte
type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellular debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes.
274
spleen
lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. it destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. it also acts as a storage area for whole blood.
275
T cells
type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
276
thymus
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. as an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblasts in the thymus to mature into T cells lymphocytes
277
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.
278
Plasma
Clear, straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. Plasm/o
279
Albumin
Most abundant plasma protein. Plasma proteins contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood.
280
Electrolytes
Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge in the plasma.
281
Hematopoiesis
The process by which all of the formed elements in the plasma are produced.
282
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBC), formed in red bone marrow from stem cells, are the most common type of blood cells that are unique because they have no nucleus when they mature and cannot divide or repair themselves. Carry O2 and CO2 and last only 120 days.
283
Hemoglobin
Red, iron-containing molecule that binds to and carries O2 from the lungs to every cell in the body. Contained in Erythrocytes.
284
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to O2.
285
Erythroblasts
Very immature erythrocytes that come from stem cells in the red bone marrow.
286
Normoblast
Nearly mature erythrocyte.
287
Erythropoietin
Hormone secreted by the kidneys that dramatically increases speed at which erythrocytes are produced and become mature.
288
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC) include 5 kinds of cells. Can be identified based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of the nucleus.
289
Types of Leukocytes (5)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
290
Neutrophils
The most common leukocyte whose nucleus has several segmented lobes. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria. Segmented or Polymorphonucleated (PMN). Live a few days or few hours. Category - Granulocytes
291
Eosinophils
One of the least common leukocytes. Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, dander, etc). Release toxin chemicals that kill parasites that invade the body. Category - Granulocytes
292
Basophils
One of the least common leukocytes. Nucleus has 2 lobes. Releases histamine at the site of tissue damage. Releases heparin to limit the size of a forming blood clot. Category - Granulocytes
293
Lymphocytes
2nd most common leukocyte. Present in the blood and in the lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and organs of the lymphatic system. Live for a few days. Category - Agranulocytes
294
Monocytes
One of the least common leukocytes. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy all types of invading microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead WBC's. Category - Agranulocytes
295
Agranulocyte
Any leukocyte with few or no granules in its cytoplasm.
296
Granulocyte
Any leukocyte with large granules in its cytoplasm.
297
Thrombocytes
Platelets. Only cell fragments that are active in the blood clotting process.
298
Antigen
Protein marker on the cell membrane of an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. Also, a protein marker on the cell wall of a pathogen or cancerous cell that allows the immune system to recognize it as foreign.
299
Blood Type A
A antigen and B antibody
300
Blood Type B
B antigen and A antibody
301
Blood Type AB
A and B antigens and NO antibodies
302
Blood Type O
No antigens and A and B antibodies
303
Rh Blood Group
Category of blood type. When the Rh factor is present on the surface of RBCs, the blood is Rh positive. W/O the Rh factor, the blood is Rh negative.
304
Aggregation
Process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel and forming clots.
305
Clotting Factors
A series of 12 substances (factors) that are released from platelets or injured tissue or are produced by the liver. They activate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap RBCs and from a blood clot.
306
Fibrin
Strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. Fibrin traps RBCs to form a blood clot.
307
Thrombus
Blood clot
308
Coagulation
Forming of a blood clot by platelets, RBCs and clotting factors.
309
Hemeostastis
The cessation of bleeding.
310
Lymphatic Vessles
Vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
311
Lymph
Fluid that flows through lymphatic system
312
Lymph Nodes
Small, encapsulated pieces of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. Aka lymph glands.
313
Lymphoid Tissues
Contain lymphocytes that are active in the immune system. Tonsils, Adenoids, Appendix
314
Thymus
Lymphoid organ located within the mediastinum. As an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins.
315
Spleen
Lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. Also acts as a storage are for whole blood. Contains B and T cell lymphocytes.
316
Blood Dyscrasia
Any disease condition involving blood cells.
317
Hemorrhage
Loss of a large amount of blood, externally or internally. Injury to an artery causes a forceful spurting of a large amount of bright red blood.
318
Pancytopenia
Decreased numbers of all types of blood cells due to failure of the bone marrow to produce stem cells.
319
Septicemia
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood.
320
Abnormal Red Blood Cell Morphology
Erythrocytes have an abnormal size or shape.
321
Anisocytosis
Erythrocytes that are either too large (macrocyte) or too small (microcyte).
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Poikilocytosis
Erythrocytes that vary in shape, for example sickle cell
323
Anemia
Deficiency in erythrocytes of hemoglobin.
324
Aplastic Anemia
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of development of bone marrow cells.
325
Hemolytic Anemia
Reduction in red cell due to excessive destruction. May be congenital or autoimmune in origin.
326
Pernicious Anemia
Lack of mature RBC due to inability to absorb vitamin B12
327
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Caused by a deficiency of iron in the diet or blood loss.
328
Hemochromatosis
Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body. Hepatomegaly. Pigmented skin. Diabetes and cardiac failure may occur. Usually seen in men over 40 years of age.
329
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Caused by deficiency of folic acid in the diet. Commonly seen in people who are malnourished or who have malabsorption diseases.
330
Sickle Cell Anemia
Caused by an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in hemoglobin. Affects the spleen.
331
Polycythemia Vera
General increase in RBC. Blood is very viscous. Treatment by phlebotomy.
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Thalassemia
Inherited genetic abnormality that affects person living in or who are ancesters from the Mediterranean Sea Area. Cooley's Anemia.
333
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs
334
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Severe infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus.
335
Leukemia
Cancer of the leukocytes. Excessive numbers of leukocytes crowd out other cells in the bone marrow. There is anemia, easy bruising and hemorrhages (too many thrombocytes), fever, and susceptibility to infection (immature leukocytes)
336
Aculte Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Immature myeloblasts predominate.
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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Immature lymphocytes predominate, seen most often in children and adolescents.
338
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Both mature and immature granulocytes are present.
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes. Seen mostly in elderly and follow a slow course.
340
Mononucleosis
An infectious disease with an increase of lymphocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Epstein-Barr virus. Hepatomegaly. Splenomegaly
341
Multiple Myeloma
Malignant tumor of bone marrow. Progressive tumor of antibody producing cells that invade bone marrow and destroy bone.
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Lymphedema
Generalized swelling of an arm or leg that occurs when a chain of lymph nodes have been removed.
343
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged lymph nodes. Lymph nodes may be palpated.
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Thrombocytopenia
Deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the bone marrow.
345
Coagulopathy
Any disease that affects the ability of blood to clot normally.
346
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Sever clotting disorder in which multiple small thrombi are formed throughout the body. Triggered by sever injuries, burns, cancer or infections.
347
Mono
caused by epstin barre virus
348
what does shilling test detect?
Pernicious anemia (vit b12 deficiency)
