Cardiology

Question 1

What is the inner most layer of the heart?

Answer 1

ENDOCARDIUM

Question 2

What are the layers of the heart?
( In order from inner - outer)

Answer 2

• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Epicardium
• Pericardium (Parietal & Fibrous)

Question 3

What is the name of the cells that make up the layer of the endocardium?

Answer 3

Endothelial

Question 4

What is the function of the myocardium?

Answer 4

Enables the heart to contract

Question 5

True or false: the myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

What cells make up the myocardium?

Answer 6

• Cardiomyocytes

Question 7

What do cardiomyocytes need to be rich in to enable the muscle to contract effectively?

Answer 7

Mitochondria

Question 8

True or False: The epicardium adheres to the myocardium

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What cells make up the epicardium?

Answer 9

Mesothelial cells

Question 10

True or False: Nerves and blood vessels that supply the heart are found in the epicardium

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What fluid is the pericardinal sack filled with and what is its function?

Answer 11

Pericardinal fluid
Its function is to reduce friction when the heart contracts.

Question 12

What are the names of the three coronary arteries?

Answer 12

• RCA: Right Coronary Artery
• LAD: Left Anterior Descending
• LCX: Left Circumflex Artery

Question 13

What is the role of the LAD?

Answer 13

Supplies oxygen rich blood to the myocardium, supplies nearly half of the blood supply to the heart.

Question 14

Where does the LAD branch off from and what layer of the heart is it located in?

Answer 14

• The left coronary artery
• Located sub subepicardially within the anterior and inferior interventricular shock

Question 15

Where does the LCX deliver blood to?

Answer 15

• Left atrium
• Side and back of the ventricle
• Sometimes SA node

Question 16

Which main coronary artery does the LCX branch off?

Answer 16

Left coronary artery

Question 17

Where does the RCA originate from

Answer 17

Side of the aorta

Question 18

What is the sequence of the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 18

1. SA node
2. AV node
3. Bundle of his ( left and right branches)
4. Purkinje fibres

Question 19

What are the specialised cells that make up the SA node?

Answer 19

Pacemaker cells

Question 20

The rate the SA nodes generate impulses is influenced by two nervous systems, what are they?

Answer 20

• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic

Question 21

What is the role of the AV node and why is it necessary?

Answer 21

The AV node slows down the electrical impulses to 120 ms so that the atria have enough time to fully eject blood before ventricular systole

Question 22

Where are the Purkinje fibres located?

Answer 22

• Subendocardial surface of the ventricular walls

Question 23

What is the role of the Purkinje fibres?

Answer 23

To assist ventricular contraction

Question 24

What is preload?

Answer 24

Initial stretching of the cardiac muscle fibres before contraction.
Determined by the volume of blood returning to the heart during diastole.

Question 25

What is afterload?

Answer 25

Resistance that the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole. Resistance or pressure against the hearts ventricles.

Question 26

What is contractility?

Answer 26

The ability of the muscle to contract

Question 27

What is cardiac output?

Answer 27

Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time. (HR x SV)

Question 28

What is stroke volume?

Answer 28

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat.