Cardiology Flashcards by Amy Hamlin

What encloses the heart?

fibroserous pericardial sac

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an increase in myocardial mass

hypertrophy

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an increase in chamber volume

dilation

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an overall increase in the external dimensions of the heart

cardiomegaly

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What two structures support the AV valves?

How many cusps do the tricuspid and mitral valves have?

chordae tendineae

T= 3 (dog only 2)

M= 2

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What structure unique to the aortic and pulmonic valves is connected to the leaflets and is a fibrous saddle shaped ring?

annulus

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Normal or not? Nodules on the free edges of the semilunar valve leaflets?

Normal

nodules of arantius

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Normal Anatomy of the valves.

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Process of valve closing: describe what the leaflets and the annulus do.

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The cardiac skeleton supports the cardiac muscle & valves. Consists of four fibrous rings, fibrous triangle, and fibrous or membranous part of the septum

What is the cardiac skeleton made up of in pigs, cats, dogs, horses, large ruminants?

Dense fibrous CT in pigs & cats

Fibrocartilage dogs

Hyaline cartilage horse

Bone (os cordis) large ruminants*

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What is the major blood supply to the heart?

When does the most flow occur?

coronary arteries that branch directly off the aorta

most flow during diastole

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What is the dominant pacemaker of the heart?

Where is it located?

SA node

located subepicardially at
junction of cranial vena cava and right auricle

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Describe the conduction system of the heart?

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abnormalities in rate and rhythm

Dysrhythmias

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What is the most common cause of dysrhythmias?

injury to the atrial/ventricular myocytes

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also known as the visceral pericardium: Thin layer of mesothelium on elastic fiber-rich
connective tissue

epicardium

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When is Atrial natriuretic factor released?

dilation/stretch of the atria

causes increase Na excretion and inhibits renin release

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From what layer of the heart as AV valves infoldings of?

endocardium

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Can mature cardiac muscle cells divide?

no, limits capability for compensation

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Describe the compensatory mechanism for a failing heart?

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What limits the extent to which cardiac myocytes can hypertrophy?

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Causes of concentric hypertrophy?

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Concentric cardiac hypertrophy

(Right side- increase size of moderator band)

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Causes for Eccentric hypertrophy

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Type of hypertrophy?

Eccentric hypertrophy Globose heart (wall appear thin even though there has been hypertrophy d/t dilation)

Evidence of cardiac dilation d/t attenuation of papillary muscles and severe subendocardial fibrosis

What may be the best indicator of dilation in the atria?

subendocardial fibrosis

Left sided heart failure pulmonary congestion/edema left atrial enlargement

What sequelae of L-sided HF is shown here?

pulmonary edema

What sequelae of L-sided HF is shown?

hemosiderosis

How does the signs of R-sided heart failure manifest differently in horses vs. ruminants vs. dogs vs. cats?

Fibrosis on surface of liver difference in zonal apperance- bright red from atrophy of cells around portal v. when blood is pooling

dark black- around central v. - backflow of blood- pressure on hepatocytes leads to cell death and darkening from blood buildup nutmeg liver

Describe the changes in the liver d/t R-side HF?

dilations of sinusoids congestion of sinusoids atrophy of hepatocytes around central veins

Sequelae of R-side HF Which species most likely?

ascites dog

Sequelae of R-side HF Which species most likely?

hydrothorax cat

for what disease is this pathognomonic?

Cor pulmonale d/t HW w/ endarteritis (arrow) pathognomonic for HW

In developing heart, there are 3 major arteriovenous communications

 Great vessels (Ductus arteriosus)  Between the atria  Between the ventricles

What structure in the heart has a flap that closes at birth to prevent from L to R shunting?

foramen ovale

Causes of atrial septal defects

What happens when there is an atrial septal defect?

What is the arrow pointing to? What does the star indicate?

What three parts of the embryonic heart make up the ventricular septum?

 Membranous portion of the septum derived form the endocardial cushions  Muscular portion  Downward growth of the conotruncal ridges

Consequences of a VSD?

VSD in membranous portion

VSD in muscular portion

How long does it take DA to close after birth?

5 days \>5d = PDA

PDA

subendocardial hemorrhage

subendocardial mineralization

valves have large, adhering, friable, yellow-to- gray masses of fibrin termed vegetations Microscopically – layers of fibrin, numerous bacteria, leukocytes, granulation tissue DDX?

vegetative endocarditis