Cardiology - cardiac cycle

Question 1

What are the 2 main phases?

Propotion of each heart beat?

And what happens in them?

Answer 1

diastole - 2/3 heart beat

and ventricular relaxation (ventricles fill with blood)

systole - 1/3 heartbeat

ventricle contract, generate pressure eject blood

Question 2

What are 3 stages of systole?

Answer 2

isovolumeitrc contraction, rapid ejection , slow ejection

Question 3

when does end diastolic volume occur?

And what is it?

Answer 3

isovoulemic contraction

max volume before contract

Question 4

what is end-sysotic volume?

when occur?

Answer 4

the residual volume (left over)

end of slow ejection

Question 5

What is stroke V?

Answer 5

end diastolic volume(max)

-

end systolic volume (lowest)

Question 6

how do you calculate ejection fraction?

Answer 6

stroke volume divide end diastolic volume

Question 7

Cycle of the cardiac phases?

Question 8

Name all the valves

Answer 8

RHS - Deoxygenated

triscuspid valves then pulmonary valves

LHS - oxygn

bicuspid valve then aortic valve

Question 9

What happens in atrial systole?

Answer 9

atria almost full from passive filling

atria also contract to top of volume in ventricle

Question 10

What happens in isovolumetric contraction?

Answer 10

ventricular depolarisation

between AV valves close + open of semi-lunar valves

contract of ventricles but no change in volume

when pressure V higher than A, AV valves close

Question 11

What is the P wave on ECG?

Answer 11

atrial systole

Question 12

What causes rapid ejection?

Answer 12

when ventricular pressure > than pulmonary and aorta artery

Question 13

What happens in rapid ejection?

Answer 13

ventricle contract and pressure exceed artery pressure

semi lunar valves open

blood pumped out of ventricle

Question 14

What happens in reduced rejection?

Answer 14

reduced pressure gradient semi-lunar valves close

decreased blood flow and ventricular volume decreases less

blood flows back and semilunar valve close

Question 15

What happens in isovolumetric relaxation?

Answer 15

Av remain closed until ventricular pressure drops below atrial

atrial pressure increase

aorta pressure increases

Question 16

What is dichrotic notch?

Answer 16

Aorta increasing pressure in volumetric relaxation

due to rebound pressure

Question 17

What happens in rapid passive feeling?

Answer 17

AV valves open and blood flow into ventricles

Question 18

What is reduced passive filling?

Answer 18

diastasis

ventricle volume fills slowly but still able to fill a lot before contraction from atria

Question 19

What is P wave?

Answer 19

atrial systole

Question 20

When is 4th hear sound?

Is it normal?

Answer 20

atrial systole

no, occurs with congestive heart failure and pulmonary and tricsupid incompetnece

Question 21

When does 1st (lub) occur?

Why?

Answer 21

isovolumetric contraction

due to closure of AV valves

Question 22

Does rapid ejection have a heart sound?

Answer 22

NO

Question 23

Does opening of valves make a sound?

Answer 23

No, only closing

Question 24

What cardiac phase is respented by T wave?

Answer 24

reduced ejecction

ventricular muscles muscles repolarize produced T waves

as end of depolarisaton

Question 25

What signifies QRS?

Answer 25

start of ventricular depolarisation isovolumetric contraction

Question 26

When does dub occur? | (2nd heart sound)

Answer 26

close semi-lunar valves isovolumetric relaxation

Question 27

When does 3rd heart sound occur? Is it normal?

Answer 27

rapid passive filling abonrla due to turbulent ventricular filling show hypertension or mitral incompetence

Question 28

Are the patterns of pressure changes between of right and left heart same? If not why?

Answer 28

YES same pattern of CHANGES is same, as in time of changes

Question 29

Which side of heart has higher pressure?

Answer 29

right lower than left as going to lungs

Question 30

What is differences in volume ejected by each side?

Answer 30

SAME volume of blood ejected, but right lower pressure circuit

Question 31

What is pressure difference in systemic and pulmonary circuits? (i.e ateries, cappilarties

Answer 31

Question 32

Draw a ventricular volume (x) vs ventricular pressure (y) graph?

Answer 32

Question 33

What is preload?

Answer 33

Blood fillling ventricules during diasotle + streches it

Question 34

What is after load?

Answer 34

Ejection of blood into artieres, after isovulemtic pressure

Question 35

How does the LOOP fit in with pressure/muscle length fibre graph?

Answer 35

Question 36

What affect does preload have on volumes?

Answer 36

increased in PRELOAD increases STROKE volume

Question 37

What happens when we increase diatole pressure?

Answer 37

greater pressure required to open aortic valve less shorterning of muscles as working against increased afterload increases afterload decreased stroke volume as shortening of fibres decrease

Question 38

how do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 38

HR x stroke volume

Question 39

what affects stroke volume?

Answer 39

preload after load - diastolic pressure, ventricules need overcome to pump blood AS in order to pump blood out ventricle pressure \> artery pressure contractility

Question 40

what is contractility?

Answer 40

contractil capablity, strength of contraction of heart

Question 41

How is contractility increased?

Answer 41

By sympatheric stimulatiion chnages amount cyclic KMP in cell that influences Ca2+ to myofliments

Question 42

How does contracte change ESPVR, end systolic pressure?

Answer 42

Question 43

What happens to PV loops during exercise?

Answer 43

affects stroke volume and end-systolic pressure by 1). increased end diastolic volume - by an increase venous return 2) .increase contractility - sympatheric increase as more Ca2+ to myofilmants, decreased end systolic volume 3) . increases artial pressure - increase afterload and lessens to reduction of end-systolic volume.

Question 44

What affect does high HR have?

Answer 44

V high rate, impenge on filling time and decreased end-diasltic volume i.e how much is filled in diastole

Question 45

What affect will hardening of aortic valve have on PV loop?

Answer 45

reduced blood flow in artery and increase afterload, as has larger diastolic pressure to over come

Question 46

what affect does blood loss have on PV loop?

Answer 46

Question 47

what affect does increase exercise have on PV loop

Answer 47