Cardiology - lung function

Question 1

What is the d and what does it do?

Answer 1

D -dorsal respiratory group

inspiratory centre, sets the ‘rate’ for inspiration

Question 2

what is the V?

Answer 2

expiratory centre

inactive during quiet breathing

inhbits the apenustic centre

Question 3

What is the A?

Answer 3

A is apneustic centre

stimulated by acitivty in DRG,

inhibitted by pulmonary afferents

Question 4

What is P?

Answer 4

P is pnemotaxic centre

the ‘inspiratory off switch’

regulates depth and frequency, decided when ‘enough’ of inspiration

Question 5

Which 2 medualla obloganata inhibte stiumate each other?

Answer 5

Question 6

How does Pneumotaxic regulate inspiratory?

Answer 6

When AP impluses reaches a thershold activated P centres and cessation of AP

Question 7

How does Apneustic centre have it affects?

Answer 7

Apneustic helps programme rthym to dorsal centre

Question 8

What 3 types of nerves innverate the respiratory muscles?

Answer 8

Parasymp

symp

motor

Question 9

What is function of externalcostal muscles?

internal costal muscles?

Answer 9

external inspiration

internal expiration

Question 10

What is a singificant feature of capillaries?

Answer 10

Have space between capillaries that are not endo cells -fernatations

Question 11

How is blood brain barrier different to normal capillaries?

Answer 11

nervous cells that pack endo cells - no leakage

Question 12

What is the main control of breathing molecules

and why

Answer 12

H+

as it is a product of metabolism

Question 13

Which only moleucle out of H+, CO2 and HC03- can cross BBB to CSF?

Answer 13

Question 14

What happens to H+ generated by acidation of C02 in CSF?

Answer 14

Crosses to Medulla and to dorsal respiratory group to determine type of rate and rhythm

Question 15

Which pulmomary afferents affect ventilation?

Answer 15

irritant receptors

stretch receptors

J-receptors

Question 16

What do irritant receptors do?

where do you find them?

Answer 16

afferente recepotrs within and benearth airway epithelium

leads to coughing, forceful expiration against a closed glottis

then with sudden glottal opening and high veloclity explusion of air

Question 17

What do strech receptors do?

Answer 17

pulmonary activated when excessive inflation of lungs

stimulate VRG and pneumotaxic

inhibit DRG and apneustic centre

inspiration inhbited and expiration stimulated

Question 18

What do J receptors do?

Answer 18

sensitive to oedma and pulmonary capillary engorgement

increases breathing freq

Question 19

What happens to level of 02 and CO2

before holding breathe

during

and after?

Answer 19

Question 20

What physiologically happens in medulla when you hold your breathe?

Answer 20

C02 increase + H+ accumlate in BBB

stimulate medulla to breathe in.

Question 21

What does

alkalosis

acidosis

mean?

Answer 21

alkalosis - circumstances decrease H+

acidosis - circumstances incraese H+

Question 22

What are the 2 types of distrubances to fix acid base homeostatis?

Answer 22

ventilatiory - fast

metabolic - slow

Question 23

How does ventilation alter pH?

Answer 23

rapid compensatory reponse to change C02 removal

Question 24

How does metabolic alter pH?

Answer 24

changes in HC03- and H+ secretions in kidney can slow/ DAYS

compenstoary response to pH

Question 25

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

Answer 25

near carotid barorecpetors at bification of carotid arteries in structures called arotic bodies and carotic bodies

Question 26

Why is chemorecepors positoned where they are?

Answer 26

monitoring the blood going to the brain

Question 27

How is breathing innerates by exercise?

Answer 27

-efferent from PMC to skeletal muscles partly innvervate medulla AND -propiocetive afferents from muscle spindles and golgi tendon innervate medulla on way to brain TO BREATHE AS INCREASE ENERGY REQUIRMENT

Question 28

effects of skin on breathing?

Answer 28

temperature nerves cold water- leads to ventilatory and inspiratory gasps