Cardiology GA

Question 1

How is an artificial cardiac pacemaker placed?

Answer 1

inserted thru a large V to superior vena cava –> R atrium –> into endocardium of trabecula carnae of R ventricle

Question 2

What are the 4 borders of the heart?

Answer 2

right (right atrium)
inferior (right ventricle)
left (left ventricle)
superior (right and left atria and the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk)

Question 3

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus?

Answer 3

wide recess posterior to base of heart

Question 4

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 4

pain that originates in the heart and produces strangling pain of the chest
usually result of narrow or obstructed coronary arteries

Question 5

What important structure runs through the right atrioventricular groove?

Answer 5

right coronary A

Question 6

Where is the sinoatrial node? What is it?

Answer 6

where superior vena cava meets R atrium
cardiac muscle fibers that initiate and regulate impulses that go thru atrial walls –> diastole
“pace maker”

Question 7

What are the internal features of the left atrium?

Answer 7

left auricle (pectinate M.)
openings for 4 pulmonary Vs
interatrial septum

Question 8

What is cardiac referred pain?

Answer 8

ischemia –> visceral pain sensory fibers in heart of ANS –> share spinal ganglion w/ somatic sensory fibers in upper limb and chest wall

Question 9

What are the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 9

anterior
posterior
septal

Question 10

What is the aortic vestibule?

Answer 10

smooth muscle in the left ventricle that leads to the aorta

Question 11

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 11

heart compression

Question 12

What is the septomarginal trabeculum and where is it?

Answer 12

part of trabeculae carnae in R ventricle that runs from IV septum to base of anterior papillary M
transmits R bundle branch or AV bundle to anterior papillary M

Question 13

What are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 13

anterior = anterior to heart
middle mediastinum = heart
poster mediastinum = posterior to heart

Question 14

What is ventricular fibrullation?

How is it treated?

Answer 14

rapid irregular twitching of the ventricles –> heart can’t pump blood
give electric shock to defibrillate and hope that it will begin beating regularly

Question 15

Where is the opening for the coronary sinus?

Answer 15

in the right atrium

Question 16

What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?

Answer 16

sternal angle

Question 17

What is pericarditis?

Answer 17

inflammation of pericardium –> can produce friction which can be heart by a stethoscope
if untreated, can calcify

Question 18

What are the layers of the heart from superficial to deep?

Answer 18

fibrous pericardium –> parietal serous pericardium –> visceral serous pericardium (epicardium) –> myocardium –> endocardium

Question 19

What is pericardiocentesis?

Answer 19

drainage of blood, fluid, or pus from pericardial sac

Question 20

What is the diaphragmatic surface?

Answer 20

right and left ventricles

Question 21

What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 21

right, left, and anterior cusps

Question 22

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 22

lack of blood flow to a specific area of the myocardium - usually bc of a blockage in a coronary A

Question 23

What import structure housed in the left atrioventricular groove?

Answer 23

coronary sinus

Question 24

What is coronary atherosclerosis?

Answer 24

buildup of lipids on the internal walls of the coronary arteries

Question 25

What is the sternocostal surface?

Answer 25

right ventricle

Question 26

What is the pulmonary surface?

Answer 26

right atrium and left ventricle | occupying cardiac impression on both lungs

Question 27

What is the sulcus terminalis?

Answer 27

external vertical groove corresponding to internal crista terminalis (on right atrium)

Question 28

What does the tricuspid valve separate?

Answer 28

right atrium and right ventricle

Question 29

What nerve loops around the ligamentum arteriosum? | What does this mean clinically?

Answer 29

left recurrent laryngeal N of the vagus N --> loops around aortic arch and then goes up to the larynx if you have an aneurysm that pushes on this nerve --> won't be able to talk!

Question 30

What is the crista terminalis?

Answer 30

internal ridge separating smooth and rough regions of right atrium

Question 31

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

Answer 31

sternocostal diaphragmatic pulmonary

Question 32

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 32

attachment points for myocardium and cuspid valves supports and strengthens atrioventricular and semilunar orifices provides and electrically insulated barrier btw atria and ventricles

Question 33

What is pectinate muscle?

Answer 33

rough muscle of the heart

Question 34

What does the right side of the heart receive blood from?

Answer 34

superior and inferior vena cava

Question 35

Where is the AV node?

Answer 35

bundle of muscle fibers in the interatrial septum near the opening for the coronary sinus

Question 36

What is the sinus venarum?

Answer 36

posterior, smooth part of right atrium where venae cavae and coronary sinus empty

Question 37

What is atrial fibrillation?

Answer 37

irregular twitching of the atrial cardiac muscle fibers --> ventricles respond at irregular intervals

Question 38

Through what structure does oxygenated blood from the lungs go through to get to the left side of the heart?

Answer 38

pulmonary veins

Question 39

How is cardiac catheterization performed and what does it allow you to visualize?

Answer 39

insert cath into femoral v --> up to inferior vena cava | visualize R atrium and R ventricle, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

Question 40

What does the Atrioventricular bundle do?

Answer 40

distributes the impulse from the AV node into a R and L AV bundles --> distributes as subendocardial branches

Question 41

What does the bicuspid valve separate?

Answer 41

left atrium and ventricle

Question 42

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 42

separates Veins from arteries, can put fingers there behind aorta and pulmonary A

Question 43

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 43

inflammation of pericardium --> fluid or pus can accumulate in pericardial sac --> can compress heart

Question 44

Where are the R and L coronary arteries found?

Answer 44

in the aortic sinuses

Question 45

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 45

remnant of the ductus arteriosus, communication btw pulmonary trunk and arch of the aorta

Question 46

What are the cusps of the mitral valve?

Answer 46

anterior and posterior

Question 47

What is the right auricle?

Answer 47

small pouch w/in pectinate muscle in right atrium

Question 48

What important vessels run through the anterior interventricular groove?

Answer 48

anterior interventricular A and middle cardiac V

Question 49

What do the subendocardial branches do?

Answer 49

distribute AV nodal impulses from AV bundles --> to interventricular septum, then to papillary muscles --> ventricular wall also called purkinje fibers

Question 50

What nerve is anginal pain referred to?

Answer 50

Left medial brachial cutaneous N

Question 51

What is the conus arteriosus and where is it?

Answer 51

smooth-walled muscle in R ventricle that leads into pulmonary trunk

Question 52

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 52

embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis that separated right and left atria