Cardiomyopathies

Question 1

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 1

Disease of the heart muscle where walls of the heart have become thickened or stiff

Question 2

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall

Answer 2

Myocardium

Question 3

Which cells make up the myocardium

Answer 3

Cardiomyocytes

Question 4

Which filaments are involved in cardiomyocyte contraction

Answer 4

Myosin
Actin

Question 5

Compensatory reflexes to cardiomyopathies

Answer 5

Sympathetic nervous system activation
RAAS activation
Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 6

3 types of cardiomyopathies

Answer 6

Dilated
Restrictive
Hypertrophic

Question 7

What happens in Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 7

Ventricular dilation and stretching of muscle fibres

Question 8

What happens in Restrictive cardiomyopathies

Answer 8

Restricted/ stiff walls and impaired ventricular filling

Question 9

What happens in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 9

Excessive wall thickening of cardiac muscle with disorganised muscle and fibrotic plaques

Question 10

Cardiomyopathy symptoms

Answer 10

May not be signs or symptoms in early stages
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Light headedness
Fainting
angina
Palpitations
Leg and feet Oedema
Abdomen swelling
Cough
Chest congestion
Sleeping difficulty
Weight gain

Question 11

Why do cardiomyopathies cause palpitations

Answer 11

Arrhythmias

Question 12

Why do cardiomyopathies cause chest pain

Answer 12

Reduced oxygen

Question 13

Why do cardiomyopathies cause breathlessness

Answer 13

Pulmonary oedema

Question 14

Why do cardiomyopathies cause dizziness and fainting

Answer 14

Reduced oxygen and blood flow to brain

Question 15

Why do cardiomyopathies cause tiredness

Answer 15

Reduced cardiac output

Question 16

Why do cardiomyopathies cause peripheral oedema

Answer 16

Reduced cardiac output

Question 17

What type of cardiomyopathy is caused by left or biventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction

Answer 17

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 18

How does dilated cardiomyopathy effect stroke volume and cardiac output

Answer 18

Decrease

Question 19

Why is ventricular filling impaired in cardiomyopathy

Answer 19

Disorganised myofibrils and sarcomeres,
Fibrotic plaques

Question 20

How does dilated cardiomyopathy affect preload

Answer 20

Increase

Question 21

How does the cardiovascular system compensate for a reduction in CO

Answer 21

frank starling mechanism
Neurohormonal mechanism
RAAS activation

Question 22

What can compensatory mechanisms to dilated cardiomyopathies cause

Answer 22

Heart failure

Question 23

How can increased preload and afterload lead to heart failure

Answer 23

Reduced ejection fraction
Increased wall stress

Question 24

How can angiotensin II and aldosterone lead to heart failure

Answer 24

Lead to Pathogenic cardiac remodelling

Question 25

Gene abnormalities in which proteins can increase dilated cardiomyopathy risk

Answer 25

Myofibril

Question 26

What observations may appear on examination of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 26

Tachycardia Tachypnoea Raised JVP displaced apex beat Peripheral oedema

Question 27

What testing is used in cardiomyopathy diagnosis

Answer 27

ECG echocardiogram Cardiac MRI Genetic testing

Question 28

What does increased total peripheral resistance lead to

Answer 28

Increased Na+ and H2O retention Oedema Pulmonary system congestion

Question 29

What drugs are used in dilated cardiomyopathy management

Answer 29

Beta blockers Anticoagulants Dupiuretics ACE inhibitors angiotensin II receptor blockers

Question 30

What do ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers do

Answer 30

Lower blood pressure

Question 31

Which devices are used to control arrhythmias

Answer 31

Pacemaker Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD

Question 32

Surgeries for dilated cardiomyopathy management

Answer 32

Remove areas of heart muscle that affect blood flow from heart Heart transplant

Question 33

What causes hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 33

Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy tightens aortic valve space

Question 34

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause

Answer 34

Increased left ventricular wall thickness Interstitial fibrosis Arrhythmia Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and disarray

Question 35

How is ventricular volume effected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 35

Unaffected or decreased

Question 36

What can lead to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and mitral valve obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 36

Septal thickening

Question 37

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Answer 37

Obstructed blood flow from heart to body

Question 38

Which ventricle is more likely to be affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 38

Left

Question 39

Which type of myopathy is the most frequent cause of sudden death in young people

Answer 39

Hypertrophic

Question 40

What is the major cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

Genetic mutations in sacromeric proteins and myofilament elements

Question 41

What is the basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosis

Answer 41

Otherwise unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy identified by echo or MRI

Question 42

Alcohol septal ablation

Answer 42

Using alcohol to kill septal enlargement

Question 43

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy management

Answer 43

Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator Surgical myectomy Drugs Anti coagulation Antiarrhythmics Ablation