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Clinical Anatomy Of The Karynx Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Skull
Soft palate

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2
Q

Which part of the pharynx do the Eustachian tubes open into

A

Nasopharynx

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3
Q

4 Paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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4
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain to

A

Nasal cavity

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5
Q

What openings drain the paranasal sinuses

A

Ostia

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6
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus most at risk for infection

A

High up Ostia makes I hard to drain

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7
Q

Boundaries of the oropharynx

A

Soft palate
Epiglottis

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8
Q

Innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

General - lingual nerve
Special sensory - chorda tympani

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9
Q

Innervation of posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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10
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch of

A

Mandibular nerve

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11
Q

What is the chorda tympani a branch of

A

Facial nerve

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12
Q

Boundaries of the laryngopharynx

A

Epiglottis
Oesophagus

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13
Q

Which part of the pharynx is continues opwith the eosophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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14
Q

2 major functions of the larynx

A

Protects lower resp tract from aspiration of food
Vocal cords - sound production

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15
Q

How many cartilages in the larynx

A

9

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16
Q

Unpaired cartilages in the larynx

A

Thyroid
Epiglottis
Cricoid

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17
Q

Paired cartilages in the larynx

A

Arytenoid
Cuneiform - not important
Corniculate - not important

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18
Q

Is the hyoid bone above or below the cartilages of the larynx

A

Above

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19
Q

What vertebral level is the hyoid bone

A

C3

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20
Q

What vertebral levels does the larynx cover

A

C3-C7

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21
Q

Which cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence/ adams apple

A

Thyroid

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22
Q

Which cartilage do the vocal cords attach to anteriorly

A

Thyroid

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23
Q

What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis

A

Elastic

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24
Q

What shape is the epiglottis

A

Leaf

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25
What does the epiglottis do during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food
Flattens and moves posteriorly to close off larynx
26
How many complete cartilaginous rings are present in the upper airway
1 - cricoid
27
Which cartilage forms the inferior border of the larynx
Cricoid
28
What structures does the cricoid cartilage articulate with
Inferior horns of Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Cricothyroid membrane
29
What do the vocal cords attach to posteriorly
Arytenoids
30
What do the arytenoids sit on
Posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage
31
What is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Allow larynx to move as a unit
32
Function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Control and refine sound production
33
Where do extrinsic laryngeal muscles attach
Hyoid bone
34
Where do intrinsic laryngeal muscles attach
Vocal cords
35
2 groups of extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Suprahyoid Infrahyoid
36
How many Suprahyoid muscles are there
4
37
How do the Suprahyoid muscles act on the hyoid bone and larynx
Elevate
38
What are the attachments of the Suprahyoid muscles
Skull Hyoid bone
39
How many infrahyoid muscles are there
4
40
Where do the infrahyoid muscles attach
Pectoral girdle, sternum, thyroid cartilage Hyoid bone
41
How do the infrahyoid muscles act on the hyoid bone and larynx
Depress
42
How many intrinsic laryngeal muscles are there
6 paired muscles
43
What alters the shape of the rima glottidis
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
44
How do cricothyoid muscles affect the vocal cords and rima glottidis
Lengthens cords Decreases aperture Increase sound pitch
45
How do posterior cricoarytenoid muscles affect rima glottidis
Widens aperture for inhalation
46
How does lateral cricoarytenoid affect rima glottidis
Narrows aperture for whispering
47
How is sound produced in the larynx
Exhaled air builds up pressure below vocal folds -> expelled through rima glottidis -> vocal folds vibrate -> sound
48
Rima glottidis
Opening between vocal folds
49
What does the internal division of the superior laryngeal nerve supply
Mucosa above vocal cords
50
What does the external division of the superior laryngeal nerve supply
Cricothyroid
51
What nerve supplies the mucosa below the vocal cords
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
52
The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all intrinsic laryngeal muscles accept which
Cricothyroid
53
What structures do the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves hook under
R - right subclavian artery L - arch of aorta
54
Which nerve produces the gag reflex
Superior laryngeal nerve
55
What effects does a laryngeal nerve palsy cause
Reduced gag reflex Reduced range of pitch
56
Effect of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Hoarse voice
57
Which nerve palsy causes a hoarse voice
Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve
58
What does bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy cause
Loss of phonation Difficulty breathing
59
Which arteries supply the larynx
Superior thyroid artery Inferior thyroid artery
60
What vessel does the inferior thyroid artery branch of from
Thyrocervical rrunk
61
What vessel does the superior thyroid artery branch from
External carotid artery
62
Is the external or internal carotid artery more anterior
External
63
What does ‘some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students’ mean
Branches of carotid artery - Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Post auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
64
What level is the laryngeal prominence
C4
65
Where does the carotid artery bifurcate
Superior border of thyroid cartilage - C4
66
What vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage
C6
67
What vertebral level is the thyroid gland
C6
68
What are the 2 options for an emergency airway
Surgical airway Endotracheal tube
69
What does ABCDE stand for
Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure
70
When does a patient need a definitive airway
Unable to maintain own airway Risk of impending or potential airway compromise Unable to maintain O2 levels with facemask Presence of apnoea Features of cerebral hypoperfusion Suspected head injury / sustained seizure w risk of aspiration
71
How is a definitive airway set up
Tube placed in trachea with cuff inflated below vocal cords -> tube connected to oxygen enriched assisted ventilation -> airway secured with appropriate stabilising method
72
How can burns to the face or neck obstruct the airway
Direct tissue damage Inhalation injury Oedema and swelling from irritation from soot/debris
73
How can anaphylaxis obstruct the airway
Angioedema of lips, tongue, or larynx can block airway
74
How can face or neck trauma obstruct the airway
Laryngotracheal fracture - direct obstruction Displacement of structures - secondary obstruction Loose teeth, bone fragments - secondary obstruction Post traumatic complications eg swelling, haematoma - secondary obstruction
75
When is a cricothyroidectomy performed
Emergency access to airway required Unable to intubate
76
Where is a cricothyroidectomy performed
Cricothyroid membrane
77
How is a cricothyroidectomy performed
Cricothyroid membrane palpated -> incision made -> bougie inserted -> broncheostomy tube inserted

CR2 (33 decks)

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