Cardiopulmonary

Question 1

Diuretics (-mide, -zide)

Answer 1

Decrease blood volume via fluid depletion - treats hypertension and HF; side effects include OH, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, ototoxicity

Question 2

Beta blockers (-lol)

Answer 2

Inhibits vasoconstriction by decreasing HR and contractility - treats hypertension, angina and arrythmia; side effects include bronchoconstriction, OH, blunted HR, bradycardia

Question 3

Alpha-1 Blockers (-zosin)

Answer 3

Inhibits vasoconstriction to allow for vasodilation - treats hypertension; side effects include reflex tachycardia, OH and risk for heart failure

Question 4

Alpha-1 agonist (Midodrine)

Answer 4

Enables vasoconstriction to increase BP - treats hypotension; side effects include reflex bradycardia, hypertension and headache

Question 5

Alpha-2 agonist (Clonidine)

Answer 5

Enables vasodilation and lowers SNS activity by decreasing HR - treats hypertension; side effects include sedation and dizziness due to SNS effects

Question 6

Vasodilators (Minoxidil, Milrinone, Nitroprusside)

Answer 6

Enables vasodilation via increase in cGMP - treats hypertension; side effects include reflex tachycardia, OH, headache, hair growth (Minoxidil)

Question 7

ACE inhibitors (-pril)

Answer 7

Inhibits transition of angiotensin I –> angiotension II, reducing vasoconstriction - treats heart failure; side effects include angioedema, persistent cough, hematological issues

Question 8

ARBs (-sartans)

Answer 8

Inhibits angiotensin II receptors, which reduces vasoconstriction - treats heart failure; side effects include hematological issues, skin rash, renal failure

Question 9

Calcium-channel blocker (-pine, -azem, -amil)

Answer 9

Limits entry of calcium into cardiac tissues, decreases contractility - treats hypertension, arrythmia, and angina; side effects include headache, OH, reflex tachycardia, dizziness, HR and arrythmia (-azem and -amil)

Question 10

Nitrates

Answer 10

Widens blood vessels to increase supply and reducing demand on cardiac tissues - treats angina; side effects include OH, headache, dizziness

Question 11

Sodium-channel blockers (-caine)

Answer 11

Inhibits sodium channels to normalize firing rate - treats arrythmias; side effects include arrythmia, dizziness, visual, GI

Question 12

Potassium-channel blockers (Amiodarone, Dofetilide)

Answer 12

Inhibits potassium to prolong refractory period of the action potential - treats arrythmias; side effects include Torsades, pulmonary toxicity, thyroid/liver damage

Question 13

Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin, Dititalis)

Answer 13

Inhibits sodium-potassium pump to increase the calcium into the cardiac tissue, therefore increasing contractility force - treats arrythmia and heart failure; side effects include arrythmia, GI, CNS issues

Question 14

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Milrinone)

Answer 14

Increases vasodilation - treats heart failure; side effects include arrythmia, GI and CNS issues

Question 15

Beta-1 agonist (-mine)

Answer 15

Increases HR - treats heart failure; side effects include arrythmia, GI and CNS issues

Question 16

Anticoagulants (-arin, -aban)

Answer 16

Increase antithrombin activity to decrease blood clots - treats DVT, PE; side effects include excessive bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, GI distress

Question 17

Antiplatelets (-grel and Aspirin)

Answer 17

Prevents platelets from sticking together, therefore reducing possibility of clots - treatment following MI, stroke; side effects include GI damage, bleeding, ulcers, kidney/liver toxicity (Aspirin)

Question 18

Fibrinolytics (-plase and tPA)

Answer 18

Dissolves clots by converting plasminogen into plasmin - treatment following MI, ischemic strokes, DVT, PE; side effects include intracranial hemorrhage, GI bleeding

Question 19

Hyperlipidemia (-statins)

Answer 19

Inhibit enzyme that produces cholesterol - treats high cholesterol from athelosclerosis