Cardiopulmonary: Anatomy

Question 1

Describe the general development of the heart

Answer 1

• 1st organ to function is the heart
• heart begins to develop on gestational day 19
• begins as a pair for lateral endocardial tubes that form the primitive heart tube
• heart starts beating around day 22
• during the fourth week: atria and ventricles begin to separate
• by the 8th week the heart is functioning

Question 2

Describe the general development of the lungs

Answer 2

• during the third week a flat embryonic disc is converted into a tube like structure
• during the fifth week, pleuropericardial folds partition the primitive pericardial cavity into a central pericardial vacity and 2 lateral pleural cavities

Question 3

What is ventilation/how does boyles law help the lungs ventilate

Answer 3

• movement of air in/out of the lungs
• boyles law: the volume of an object and pressure are inversely proportional (volume increases=pressure decreases)

Question 4

How does inhalation vs exhalation occur

Answer 4

• inhalation: increase in thoracic volume=decrease pressure => air comes in
• exhalation: decrease in thoracic volume=increase pressure => air comes out

Question 5

What are the primary muscles of ventilation and how do they work?

Answer 5

1. external intercostals: elevate ribs to increase thoracic volume (inhalation)
2. internal intercostals: depress the ribs to decrease thoracic volume (exhalation)
3. diaphragm: at rest=dome shaped; muscles descends as it contracts and increases thoracic volume during inhalation => will relax and decrease thoracic volume during exhalation

Question 6

What is visceral pleural

Answer 6

• innermost pleura on the lungs
• adheres to the lung surface

Question 7

what is parietal pleura

Answer 7

• superficial pleural layer
• lines internal wall of the thoracic cavity

Question 8

What is the root of the lungs

Answer 8

• where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels enter/exit lungs

Question 9

What is the pleural space

Answer 9

• the space between visceral and parietal layers
• pleural fluid is secreted into this space to reduce friction during ventilation

Question 10

Describe the lobes of the right lung

Answer 10

• upper lobe: ribs 1-4
• middle lobe: ribs 4-5
• lower lobe: posteriorly T4-T10 anteriorly: ribs 6-10

Question 11

Describe the lobes of the left lung

Answer 11

• upper lobe: ribs 1-6
• lingular lobe: ribs 4-6 (smaller than middle lob of the right lung; part of the upper lobe)
• lower lobe: posterior T4-T10; anterior: ribs 6-10

Question 12

What are the conduction portions of the pulmonary system/lungs

Answer 12

• nasal cavity
• oral cavity
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchial tree
• primary bronchi: to each lung
• Secondary bonchi: to each lobe
• tertiary bonchi: go to bronchopulmonary segments)
• terminal bronchioles

Question 13

Respiation portion of the lungs

Answer 13

• respiratory bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• alveoli: structural and functional unit of the pulmonay system

Question 14

what is the peicardial sac

Answer 14

• encloses the heart within the mediastinum
• parietal peicadium: external fibrous layer th epevents the heart from overflowing
• Serous pericardium: thin two layeed serous membrane

Question 15

Pericardial cavity:

Answer 15

• the space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
• contrains serous fluid to decrease friction as the heart moves

Question 16

What are the tissue layers of the heart

Answer 16

• epicardium: outermost layer
• myocardium: muscle tissue
• endocardium: inner most layer

Question 17

What properities of myocardium allow it to pump on its own

Answer 17

• automatic: own impulse in absence of stimuli
• rhythmic: repeat and cannot take a break
• excitable: each cell needs to respond
• conductive: from cell to cell transmit nerve impulse
• contractile: different cells contract in different ways with different amount of squeeze

Question 18

What are types of myocardial cells and how are they structured

Answer 18

• mechanical cells: greater abiility to shorten and contract
• conductive cells: greate ability for self-excitation/transmission of action potentials
• mechanical cells (myocytes) are joined together in series by interrcalated discs

Question 19

Chambers of the heart

Right atria

Answer 19

• deoxygenated blood from the body
• SVC: blood from head, neck, UE, and thoracic Cavity
• IVC: blood from LE, pelvic, abdomen, perineum

Question 20

Chambers of the heart

right ventricle anatomy

Answer 20

• tricuspid valvue separates the RA from the RV
• blood ejects from the RV through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery

Question 21

chambers of the heart

Left atria: anatomy

Answer 21

• recieves oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

Question 22

Chambers of the heart

left ventricle

Answer 22

• bicsupid/mitral valve separates LA and LV
• ejects through the arotic valve to send blood to the body

Question 23

What are the parts of the conduction systtem of the heart

Answer 23

1. SA node: pacemaker near SVC
2. AV node: floor of RA near the coronary sinus
3. bundle of his: divides into R and L branches
4. R/L bundle branches: travel through the interventricular septum
5. purkinje fibers: stimulate ventricular contraction

Question 24

Describe arteries vs veins

Answer 24

Arteries:

• more tunic media: allows elastic/contractility
• assist with regulation of blood flow
• high pressure

veins:

• valves to prevent backflow
• low pressure