Cardiopulmonary: Vascular pathophysiology

Question 1

What is hypertension

Answer 1

• persistent elevation in systolic BP ≥ 140 and or diastolic ≥90

Question 2

What is primary/essential hypertension

Answer 2

hypertension that is a result of an unidentifiable cause

Question 3

What is secondary hypertension

Answer 3

results from identifiable cause such as renal insufficiency, renal artery stenosis, or coarctation of aorta

Question 4

What determines blood prressure

Answer 4

1. cardiac output
2. peripheral vascular resistance

Question 5

What is the main blood pessure regulator and how do they work?

Answer 5

• endothelial cells
• produce nitric oxide = vasodilation
• endothelin = vasoconstrictor

Question 6

What are baroreceptors

Answer 6

• sense changes in BP
• low BP = increase vasoconstriction and reflexive increased HR
• high BP = decreased vasoconstriction (vasodilation) and reflexive decrease in HR
• in primary or secondary HTN these mechanisms are altered

Question 7

What is an aneurysm

Answer 7

• local dilation of the wall of a blood vessel

Question 8

signs of an aneurysm

Answer 8

• pulsating swelling
• blowing murmur on ascultation

Question 9

What symptoms can a thoracic aneurysm cause

Answer 9

• substernal/back/neck pain
• dyspnea
• stridor
• hoarsness
• edema

Question 10

What is an aortic dissection

Answer 10

• results from tear in the intimal layer
• tear typicaally caused by both a constant torque pressure under HTN conditions

Question 11

Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 11

• atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries
• main symptom is intermittent claudication

Question 12

What is metabolic syndrome

Answer 12

• constellation of metabolic risk factors
• greater risk of type 2 diabetes and or atherosclerosis

Question 13

Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome

Answer 13

• elevated waist circumference
• elevated triglycerrides
• reduced HDL
• elevated BP
• elevated fasting glucose